Fig. 1. Smooth muscle cell function was affected by M1 macrophages and successful isolation of exosomes derived from M1 macrophages.

a, b M1 macrophages were positively associated with HA-VSMC proliferation. GW4869, a well-known inhibitor of exosome secretion, is used at a concentration of 10 μM to reduce the release of exosome from M1M. *P < 0.05, versus Control group; ^†P < 0.05, versus co-culture group. n = 3, each group. c Schematic co-culture model for M1M affect VSMCs proliferation. d, e M1M were positively associated with HA-VSMC migration. GW4869, a well-known inhibitor of exosome secretion, is used at a concentration of 10 μM to reduce the release of exosome from M1M. *P < 0.05, versus Control group; ^†P < 0.05, versus co-culture group. n = 3, each group. f Schematic co-culture model for M1M affect VSMCs migration. g The ultrastructure of R1-EXO and T1-EXO showed typical cup-shaped morphology by transmission electron microscopy. h NTA demonstrates the size distribution of T1-EXO and R1-EXO revealing a size peak of 123 and 132 nm, respectively. i, j The expression of exosomes markers, Alix, Hsp70, and CD63 were confirmed by immunoblotting. A total of 20 μg protein from cell lysis and 20 μg protein from exosomes lysis was loaded into each lane. *P < 0.05, versus Control group. n = 3, each group. All data were expressed as mean ± SEM from three individual experiments