Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of participants.
| Age: 12–17 |
Age: 18–35 |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HC N = 52 |
CHR-Stable/Remitted N = 87 |
CHR-Decline N = 59 |
Statistical Test (2 tailed)/ P Value |
HC N = 137 |
CHR-Stable/Remitted N = 131 |
CHR-Decline N = 100 |
Statistical Test (2 tailed)/ P Value |
|
| Age, mean(SD), y | 14.99(1.43) | 15.34(1.29) | 15.26(1.15) | F = 1.23, P = .29 |
22.58(2.75) | 22.33(2.53) | 21.62(2.76) | F = 7.95, P < .001e |
| Male sex, No. (%) | 37(69.8) | 48(54.5) | 29 (0.49) | χ2 = 5.95, P = .050 | 61(44.5) | 84(64.1) | 66(66) | χ2 = 14.73, P < .001 |
| White /ethnicity, No. (%) | 32(60.3) | 47(53.4) | 39(66.1) | χ2 = 2.03, P = .362 | 75(54.7) | 82(62.6) | 61(61) | χ2 = 1.88, P = .36 |
| Hispanic or Latino /ethnicity, No. (%) | 9 | 22 | 12 | χ2 = 0.23, P = .88 | 22(16.0) | 16(12.2) | 16(16) | χ2 = 0.98, P = .61 |
| Education level, mean (SD), y | 8.35(1.45) | 8.55(1.54) | 8.62(1.19) | F = 16.02, P < .001a |
14.78(2.24) | 13.38(1.82) | 13.24(1.83) | F = 23.26, P < .001e |
| Paternal education score, mean (SD)g | 6.52(1.70) | 5.69(1.57) | 6.20(1.60) | F = 4.40, P = 0.013b |
6.57(1.59) | 6.60(1.65) | 6.38(1.83) | F = 0.56, P = .57 |
| Maternal education score, mean (SD)g | 7.01(1.52) | 6.31(1.62) | 6.36(1.73) | F = 3.35, P = 0.037b |
6.67(1.46) | 6.45(1.52) | 6.45(1.71) | F = 0.87, P = .41 |
| Taking antipsychotics, No. (%) h, i | 0(0) | 17(33.3) | 10(22.2) | χ2 = 0.91, P = .33 |
0(0) | 15(13.5) | 20(22.9) | χ2 = 3.00, P = .08 |
| Scale of Prodromal Symptoms score, mean (SD) | ||||||||
| Positive | 0.96(1.37) | 11.09(3.99) | 11.84(3.22) | F = 197.5 P < .001d |
0.79(1.44) | 12.0(3.86) | 12.67(4.33) | F = 508.8 P < .001d |
| Negative | 1.5(2.41) | 11.86(6.14) | 10.64(5.27) | F = 71.63 P < .001 d |
1.25(1.96) | 11.93(1.64) | 12.58(6.59) | F = 189.6 P < .001d |
| Disorganization | 0.67(1.18) | 4.44(2.63) | 5.41(3.48) | F = 49.59 P < .001 d |
0.50(0.92) | 5.01(3.16) | 6.08(3.70) | F = 144.1 P < .001f |
| General | 1.12(2.23) | 8.61(4.24) | 9.05(4.61) | F = 72.28 P < .001 d |
1.33(2.11) | 8.94(4.56) | 9.12(3.85) | F = 192 P < 0.001d |
| PAS Total: Childhood | 0.11(0.09) | 0.26(0.18) | 0.29(0.17) | F = 22.00 P < 0.001 d |
0.12(0.11) | 0.23(0.17) | 0.22(0.16) | F = 21.95 P < 0.001d |
| GAF Score at Baseline | 84.15(11.74) | 50.62(11.57) | 48.86(10.97) | F = 172.30 P < 0.001 d |
84.84(9.41) | 48.60(12.19) | 47.29(10.01) | F = 515.2 P < 0.001d |
Post hoc Tukey Test: aHC < CHR-Stable/Remitted, CHR-Decline, bCHR-Stable/Remitted < HC, CHR-Decline, cCHR-Stable/Remitted, CHR-Decline < HC, dHC < CHR-Stable/Remitted, CHR-Converted/Decline, eCHR-Stable/Remitted, CHR-Decline < HC, fHC < CHR-Stable/Remitted < CHR-Decline.
Abbreviations: CHR, clinically high-risk individuals; GAF, Global Assessment of Functioning; HC, healthy controls; NA, not applicable; PAS, premorbid adjustment scale.
g Parental education scored as follows: 1, no schooling; 2, some primary school; 3, completed primary school; 4, some high school; 5, completed high school; 6, some college, technical school, or undergraduate education; 7, completed college, technical school, or undergraduate education; 8, some graduate or professional school; and 9, completed graduate or professional school.
h Because this was a naturalistic study, individuals were treated in their respective communities according to prevailing standards and the judgment of the treating clinicians, who were often primary care physicians rather than psychiatrists.
i χ2 Test performed within CHR group.