Table 2.
Medicinal plants effective on Parkinson’s disease.
| Plant | Used model | Concentration | Effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tinospora cordifolia | Rat induced by 6-OHDA | 200, 400 mg/kg | 1. Increased the dopamine levels 2. Decreased iron asymmetry ratio 3. Decreased MDA levels 4. Increased mitochondrial complex I activity 5. Improved locomotor activity |
Kosaraju et al. (2014) |
| Sesame seed oil (SO) | Mice induced by 6-OHDA | SO mix diet | 1. Increased glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and content of glutathione (GSH) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) 2. Inhibit the activation of Nox2 and Cox2 3. Restored MnSOD expression |
Ahmad S et al. (2012) |
| Carthamus tinctorius L. | (MPTP)-lesioned rat | 70, 35 mg/kg | 1. Improve behavioural performances 2. Suppression of α-synuclein overexpression or aggregation 3. Suppression of reactive astrogliosis |
Ren et al. (2016) |
| Chaenomeles speciosa | In vitro and in vivo assays, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, rat induced by 6-OHDA (MPTP)-lesioned mice | 250, 500, 1000 mg/kg | 1. Increased tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in the substantia nigra 2. Increased D8 cell viability 3. Time-dependently reduced abnormal turns in apomorphine-induced rotational turning |
Zhao et al. (2008) |
| Portulaca oleracea | Rat induced by 6-OHDA | 200, 400 mg/kg | 1. Increase in crossings and rearing in open field test | Martins et al. (2016) |
| Paeonia suffruticosa | (MPTP)-lesioned mice | 25, 50 mg/kg | 1. Increased movement distance in the open field test 2. Increased total striatal dopamine 3. Attenuated the loss of dopaminergic neurons 4. Reversed down regulation Akt and the mitochondrial OXPHOS subunits |
Kim et al. (2014) |
| Mucuna pruriens | Rat induced by 6-OHDA | 40, 80, 120 mg/kg | 1. Reduced risk for drug-induced dyskinesias 2. Increased nigrostriatal catecholamine content |
Lieu et al. (2010) |
| Hyoscyamus niger seeds | Unilateral intrastriatal injection of rotenone in rat | 125, 250, 500 mg/kg | 1. Attenuated motor disabilities 2. Increased level of GSH content and GPX, SOD and CAT activities |
Khatri and Juvekar (2015) |
| Hibiscus asper leaves | Rat induced by 6-OHDA | 50, 100 mg/kg | 1. Increased SOD, GPX and CAT activities, total GSH content 2. Reduced MDA level |
Hritcu et al. (2011) |
| Gynostemma pentaphyllum | Rat induced by 6-OHDA | 10, 30 mg/kg | 1. Recovered the levels of dopamine, 3,4 dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, homovanillic acid and norepinephrine in striatum 2. Ameliorated the loss of TH-immunopositive neurons in substantia nigra |
Choi et al. (2010) |
| Ginkgo biloba | Rat induced by 6-OHDA | 50, 100, 150 mg/kg | 1. Decreased rotation 2. Improved locomotor activity and muscular coordination 3. Increased GSH content 4. Decreased generation of TBARS 5. Increased SOD, CAT activities 6. Increase in the number of dopaminergic D2 receptors in striatum |
Ahmad M et al. (2005) |
| Fructus Alpiniaoxyphylla | Zebrafish and PC12 cell models | 20% solution | 1. Restored dopaminergic (DA) neuron degeneration 2. Attenuated a deficit of locomotor activity 3. Increased the viability of 6-OHDA-treated PC12 cells 4. Attenuating cellular apoptosis |
Zhang et al. (2012) |
| Delphinium denudatum | Rat induced by 6-OHDA | 200, 400, 600 mg/kg | 1. Decreased MDA levels 2. Increased GSH content 3. Increased SOD, CAT activities 4. Increased levels of dopamine |
Ahmad M et al. (2006) |
| Bacopa monniera Linn | Rat induced by 6-OHDA | 20, 40 mg/kg | 1. Decreased MDA levels 2. Increased GSH content 3. Increased SOD, CAT activities |
Shobana et al. 2012 |
| Althaea officinalis L. | Rat induced by 6-OHDA | 10 mg/kg | 1. Attenuated rotational behaviour 2. Decreased MDA levels |
Rezaei and Alirezaei (2014) |
| Albizia adianthifolia | Rat induced by 6-OHDA | 150, 300 mg/kg | 1. Improved working memory and reference memory 2. Attenuated the contralateral rotational asymmetry |
Beppe et al. (2014) |
| Valeriana officinalis | Rotenone-induced apoptosis in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells | 0.049, 0.098 and 0.195 mg/mL | 1. Increase in cell viability | de Oliveria et al. (2009) |
| Black tea | Rat induced by 6-OHDA | 1.5% | 1. Recovery in d-amphetamine induced circling behaviour and spontaneous locomotor activity 2. Recovery indopamine (DA)-D2 receptor binding, striatal DA and 3-4-dihydroxy phenyl acetic acid (DOPAC) level 3. Decreased MDA levels 4. Increased GSH content 5. Increased SOD and CAT activities 6. Increased TH protein level and TH mRNA expression in substantianigra |
Chaturvedi et al. (2006) |
| Panax ginseng | Rat received β-sitosterol β-D-glucoside | 100 mg/kg/d | 1. Reduced dopaminergic cell loss, microgliosis, and accumulation of α-synuclein aggregates | Van Kampen et al. (2014) |
| Safflower | Mouse induced with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine- | 35, 70 mg/kg/d | 1. Reversed the decreased protein expression of tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine transporter and DJ-1 2. Increased dopamine levels 3. Decreased acetylcholine levels |
Ablat et al. (2016) |
| Hypericum perforatum | Rat induced by 6-OHDA | 200 mg/kg/d | 1. Attenuated apomorphine-induced rotational behaviour, 2. Decreased the latency to initiate and the total time on the narrow beam task 3. Decreased MDA levels 4. Increased catalase activity |
Kiasalari et al. (2016) |
| Oxalis corniculata l. | C57 male mice MPTP administration | 250, 500 mg/kg | 1. Decreased SOD activity 2. Increased catalase activity |
Aruna et al. (2016) |