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Time-to-diagnosis curves of the disease subgroup, smoking subgroup, and other cancer history subgroup for the low-risk (a) and high-risk (b) categories of the prospective cohort. Disease subgroups comprised patients who received diagnoses of COPD, pneumonia, other respiratory disorders, diabetes, CVDs, or CKD. CKD: chronic kidney disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVD: cardiovascular disease.
