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. 2019 May 27;12:743–759. doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S182953

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© 2019 Muo et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited

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Roflumilast induced changes among incretin hormones, inflammatory, and adhesion markers with statistical significance fall within a constellation. Both interval changes in ICAM and E-selectin were associated (A). After roflumilast but not before roflumilast, ICAM and GLP-1 (B) and E-selectin and GIP (C) were significantly associated. After roflumilast but not before roflumilast, ICAM is also significantly associated with MCP and TNF-α (D and E).

Abbreviations: AUC, area under the curve; GIP, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide or gastric inhibitory peptide; GLP, glucagon-like peptide; ICAM, intracellular adhesion molecule; MCP, monocyte chemoattractant protein; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.