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. 2019 Mar 11;169(2):567–578. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz070

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© The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Toxicology.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

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Figure 8. — LEV therapy improves NOR memory in DFP rats. NOR: Bar charts compare percentages of time spent exploring the familiar object (FAM) and the novel object (NOV) in age-matched saline (SAL, A), LEV (B), DFP (C), and DFP + LEV (D) rats. Note the comparable time spent by DFP rats interacting with FAM and NOV objects (Data expressed as mean ± SEM, *p < .05, t test, n = 7 rats). E, Discrimination ratio comparisons between various groups. DFP+LEV discrimination ratio was significantly higher than DFP+SAL group but was significantly lower than CTL+LEV group suggesting that while LEV therapy improves NOR memory in DFP rats, it does not restore NOR memory to baseline values. No significant differences in discrimination ratios were noted between CTL+SAL and CTL+LEV groups (Data expressed as mean ± SEM, *#p < .05, 1-way ANOVA, Tukey’s test, n = 7 rats; *compared with CTL+SAL and #compared with DFP+SAL). Bar graphs compares the total distance traveled (F), the total object exploration time (G), and the velocity of movement (H) between the age-matched control and DFP rats treated with saline or LEV. Note that the overall motor activity was similar between the various groups.