(a) In-air (black) and in-PBS (red) phase angle-versus-frequency resonance spectra, and (b) relative resonance frequency shift, Δf/f, of the PMN-PT PEPS going through PBS step (0–30 min), the SMCC bonding step (30–60 min), the pDNA immobilization step(60–90 min), the MT tDNA detection step (90–120 min), the MT FRMs detection step (120–150 min), and the final PBS step (150–180 min). The insert in (b) shows a schematic of the molecules in these steps.