Median (horizontal line), 25th and 75th percentiles (box), and 5th and 95th percentiles (whiskers) of biomarkers are shown. Both urine biomarkers are normalized to urine creatinine and shown in pg/mg. *0.001 < P < 0.05, and **P < 0.001. Wilcoxon’s rank-sum test comparing biomarker levels among AIN (n = 32) and acute tubular necrosis (ATN; n = 38), glomerular disease (GN; n = 59), diabetic kidney disease (DKD; n = 37), arterionephrosclerosis (fibrosis; n = 24), other diagnoses (n = 27), and participants without known kidney disease (n = 20). Cr, creatinine.