Figure 6. IAV coinfection stimulates the production of IL-10 by innate and adaptive immune cells.

C57BL/6 mice were infected via aerosol with a low dose of Mtb H37Rv and 12 days later coinfected i.n. with 1 × 10⁴ PFU IAV (A/HH/05/09 H1N1). Lungs were collected at indicated time points and analyzed for (A) Il10 expression by qRT-PCR relative to Gapdh expression (n = 4–5 per group, representative of 2 independent experiments) and (B–I) IL-10–producing cells of the innate and adaptive immunity among CD45⁺ cells by flow cytometry with (B) moDCs, (C) CD11b⁺ DCs, (D) neutrophils, (E) NK cells, (F) CD4⁺ and (G) CD8⁺ T cells (n = 3–4 per group, data representative of 2 independent experiments). (H and I) show MFIs of IL-10 producers among (H) neutrophils and (I) CD4⁺ T cells (n = 3–4 per group, data representative of 2 independent experiments). (J) Depicts a summary of the frequencies of IL-10⁺ cell types of CD45⁺ per day (n = 3–4 per group, data representative of 2 independent experiments). (A and J) Data are represented as mean + SD or (B–I) each point representing 1 mouse. *P ≤ 0.05; **P ≤ 0.01, ***P ≤ 0.001 determined by (A–I) 1-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple-comparison test.