Table 3.
Model Results: Standardized Betas, Standard Errors, and Significance of Structural Paths
| Predictor | Outcome age 13–14 |
B | S.E. | p | Outcome ages 30–33 |
β | S.E. | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Research question 1: Continuity in comorbidity | ||||||||
| Comorbidity 13–14 → | Comorbidity 30–33 | 0.28 | 0.10 | 0.01 | ||||
| Research question 2a: General risk factors → comorbidity | ||||||||
| Positive family environment→ | Comorbidity | −0.09 | 0.05 | 0.11 | Comorbidity | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.92 |
| Peer general environment→ | Comorbidity | −0.03 | 0.06 | 0.60 | Comorbidity | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.16 |
| Behavioral disinhibition→ | Comorbidity | 0.21 | 0.07 | 0.01 | Comorbidity | −0.15 | 0.11 | 0.15 |
| Research question 2b: Specific risk factors → comorbidity | ||||||||
| Family depression→ | Comorbidity | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.41 | Comorbidity | 0.17 | 0.06 | 0.01 |
| Family alcohol environment→ | Comorbidity | −0.09 | 0.07 | 0.23 | Comorbidity | −0.04 | 0.07 | 0.58 |
| Family tobacco environment→ | Comorbidity | 0.15 | 0.06 | 0.01 | Comorbidity | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.70 |
| Family marijuana environment→ | Comorbidity | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.87 | Comorbidity | −0.07 | 0.06 | 0.23 |
| Peer substance use→ | Comorbidity | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.20 | Comorbidity | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.14 |
| Research question 2c: General risk factors → specific indicators | ||||||||
| Positive family environment→ | Anxiety | −0.12 | 0.04 | 0.01 | Anxiety symptoms | −0.11 | 0.04 | 0.01 |
| Peer general environment→ | Depression | 0.19 | 0.05 | 0.01 | Depression symptoms | n.s. | ||
| Peer general environment→ | Tobacco use | −0.13 | 0.06 | 0.03 | Tobacco depend. symptoms | n.s. | ||
| Behavioral disinhibition→ | Alcohol use | n.s. | Alcohol abuse/depend. symptoms | 0.43 | 0.06 | 0.01 | ||
| Behavioral disinhibition→ | Tobacco use | n.s. | Tobacco depend. symptoms | 0.40 | 0.06 | 0.01 | ||
| Behavioral disinhibition→ | Marijuana use | n.s. | Marijuana abuse/depend. symptoms | 0.38 | 0.08 | 0.01 | ||
| Research question 2d: Specific risk factors → specific indicators | ||||||||
| Family depression→ | Anxiety | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.07 | Anxiety symptoms | 0.30 | 0.04 | 0.01 |
| Family depression→ | Depression | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.28 | Depression symptoms | 0.28 | 0.05 | 0.01 |
| Peer substance use→ | Alcohol use | 0.25 | 0.06 | 0.01 | Alcohol abuse/depend. symptoms | −0.14 | 0.07 | 0.04 |
| Family alcohol environment→ | Alcohol use | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.55 | Alcohol abuse/depend. symptoms | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.01 |
| Peer substance use→ | Tobacco use | 0.32 | 0.07 | 0.01 | Tobacco depend. symptoms | −0.13 | 0.07 | 0.05 |
| Family tobacco environment→ | Tobacco use | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.99 | Tobacco depend. symptoms | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.03 |
| Peer substance use→ | Marijuana use | 0.23 | 0.10 | 0.01 | Marijuana abuse/depend. symptoms | −0.19 | 0.09 | 0.03 |
| Family marijuana environment→ | Marijuana use | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.84 | Marijuana abuse/depend. symptoms | 0.16 | 0.06 | 0.01 |
Note: p values < 0.05 are in boldface. Standardized estimates reported. Controls and correlations among exogenous variables not shown; depend = dependence; n.s. = not significant. Nonsignificant general and specific pathways to specific indicators were removed from the final model for identifiability.