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. 2019 May 30;9:8058. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-44644-y

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Mapping-related EO performances. (a) EO-modulation with respect to the angle divergence between the crystalline extraordinary axis of LN and the E-field. (b) FEM-computed Electric field distribution produced by the coplanar lines. The green and blue curves represent respectively the E_x and E_z components along the x-axis at a distance of 40 away from the lines. (c–e) 1-D mapping along the x-axis at a distance of 40 μm for the E_x (blue) and E_z components (red), dots correspond to the measurement and the curve to the FEM simulated E-field for the interelectrode distances of (c) 40 μm, (d) 20 μm and (e) 10 μm.