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. 2019 May 30;10:2380. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-10104-4

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Energy-level diagram and chemical molecular structures. a Proposed energy-level diagram of the fluorescent white organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs). Note that these numbers indicate the respective highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO and LUMO, respectively) energies relative to the vacuum level. b Chemical molecular structures of the functional materials used