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. 2019 May 30;10:2380. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-10104-4

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Energy transfer processes and device performance. a Energy transfer processes in the emissive zones of the optimized fluorescent white organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs). b Current density–voltage–luminance (J–V–L) characteristics of the fluorescent WOLEDs. The inset illustrates the detailed device structure of the optimized WOLEDs. c External quantum efficiency (EQE) and power efficiency (PE)-luminance characteristics of the fluorescent WOLED. Inset exhibits the normalized electroluminescence spectra at the different luminance of 100, 1000. and 5000 cd/m², and the respective Commission Internationale de L’Eclairage (CIE) and color rendering index (CRI). d Current efficiency-luminance characteristics of present WOLED. e Device lifetime measurement of conventional single- and double-emissive layer WOLEDs, and the present WOLED with proposed emissive architecture