Fig. 1.

Experimental setup: a schematic of the experimental set up: the bioreactor and culture medium reservoir are placed into an incubator (37 °C). To maintain the pH at 7.4, CO₂ (mixture air/5% CO₂) is directly and constantly supplied through an air filter into the cell culture medium reservoir. The peristaltic pump for the perfusion bioreactor is placed outside the incubator. b Photography of the bioreactor containing a scaffold during culture under perfusion