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. 2019 May 30;9:8096. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-44554-z

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Hypothetical regulatory model for flagellar synthesis in Pseudomonas fluorescens F113. In this updated model, the transcriptional regulator AmrZ positively controls the expression of the gene encoding the transmembrane DGC AdrA. This DGC responds to unknown environmental signals and synthesizes the c-di-GMP that, when bound to SadB, is involved in the repression of the flagellar apparatus synthesis. SadB dimers bound to c-di-GMP activates the expression of the gene encoding the sigma factor AlgU, required for the expression of the gene encoding the global regulator AmrZ. From this point, the hub AmrZ/FleQ by means of a mutual transcriptional repression controls the expression of the flagellar biosynthesis genes. The Gac branch of the signaling pathway remains as described earlier¹⁰.