Table 3.
Lists of the latest key finding of immunobiological administration through microneedles.
| Microneedle type | Material | Vaccine (type) | Key finding | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dissolving microneedle | Hydroxyethyl starch 70000 | Hepatitis B surface antigen (protein) | The antigenicity of the Hepatitis B adjuvant maintained for 6 months at 50 °C with only a 10% loss | 101 |
| Dissolving microneedle | Hyaluronic acid | Live attenuated BCG (bacteria) | Vaccination using microneedle array mixed with Bacille Calmette–Guerin (BCG) powder did not provoked severe inflammation and bruise as compared to intradermal injection | 102 |
| Dissolving microneedle | Sucrose | Rabies vaccination (nucleic acid) | A rabies DNA vaccine integrated with dissolving microneedle was ten-fold lower vaccine dose than full-dose intramuscular vaccination | 103 |
| Dissolving microneedle | Poly-vinyl alcohol | Influenza (virus) | Microneedle patch was capable of improving vaccine immunogenicity and increasing vaccination coverage | 104 |
| Hollow microneedle | Polyimide | IgG and IgG1 (protein) | Nanoparticulate vaccines were discovered for protein antigen to control immune response using hollow microneedle | 99 |
| Solid microneedle and hollow microneedle | Silicone | Ovalbumin (nucleic acid) | Hollow microneedle patches delivered ovalbumin efficiently for in vivo immunization in contrast to solid microneedle patches | 105 |
| Coated microneedle | Ceramic | Diphtheria and tetanus toxoid (peptide) | Ceramic nanoporous microneedle arrays have a better capability of transporting diphtheria toxoid and tetanus toxoid | 100 |