Table 3.
Effects of each intervention on number of participants with one or more compulsory admission.
| No. of participants with one or more compulsory admission/total participants in group (%) |
Evidence for effectiveness | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention group | Control group | ||
| Adherence therapy | |||
| Staring 2010 | 1/53 (2%) | 6/52 (12%) | Fisher's exact test p = 0.053 (one-sided) |
| Priebe 2013 | 15/78 (20%) | 14/60 (25%) | χ2 (1) = 0·47, p = 0·50a |
| Chien 2015 | Not reported (N = 54) | Not reported (N = 56) | p > 0·25 |
| Assertive community treatment | |||
| Harrison-Read 2002 | N = 97 Approx. 20% per year (n not reported) |
N = 96 Approx. 20% per year (n not reported) |
Unable to test |
| Killaspy 2006 | 60/124 (47%) | 54/119 (44%) | χ2 (1) = 0·22, p = 0·64a |
| Cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis | |||
| Jolley 2003 | 0/8 (0%) | 1/8 (13%) | χ2 (1) = 1·07, p = 0·30a |
| Trower 2004 | 1/18 (6%) | 4/20 (20%) | Unable to test (see note) |
| Morrison 2014 | 0/37 (0%) | 3/37 (8%) | χ2 (1) = 3·13, p = 0·08a |
| Morrison 2018 |
CBT only: 2/20 (10%) Combination: 1/21 (5%) |
Neither antipsychotics nor CBT: 0/13 (0%) Antipsychotics only: 0/21 (0%) |
χ2 (3) = 3·32, p = 0·34a |
| Crisis houses | |||
| Fenton 1998 | 6/69 (12%) | Not reported (N = 50) | Unable to test (see note) |
| Crisis plans | |||
| Papageorgiou 2002 | 15/79 (19%) | 16/77 (21%) | χ2 (1) = 0·08, p = 0·78 |
| Henderson 2004 | 10/80 (13%) | 21/80 (26%) | RR = 0·48, 95% CI 0·24 to 0·95, p = 0·03 |
| Thornicroft 2013 | 49/267 (18%) | 56/280 (20%) | OR = 0·90, 95% CI 0·58 to 1·39, p = 0·63 |
| Ruchlewska 2014 | Emergency: 19/139 (14%) Court-ordered: 18/139 (13%) |
Emergency: 14/73 (19%) Court-ordered: 19/73 (26%) |
Emergency admissions: χ2 (1) = 1·11, p = 0·29a Court-ordered admissions: χ2 (1) = 5·68, p = 0·02a |
| Crisis resolution teams | |||
| Johnson 2005 | 8 weeks: 16/135 (12%) 6 months: 24/134 (18%) |
8 weeks: 24/125 (19%) 6 months: 32/124 (26%) |
8 w: OR = 0·57, 95% CI = 0·28 to 1·1, p = 0·10 6 m: OR = 0·63, 95% CI = 0·35 to 1·2, p = 0·13 |
| Early intervention services for psychosis | |||
| Craig 2004 | 17/68 (25%) | 27/65 (42%) | χ2 (1) = 4·11, p = 0·04b |
| Øhlenschlæger 2008 | 28/167 (17%) | 23/161 (14%) | OR = 1·21, 95% CI = 0·66 to 2·20, p > 0·05 |
| Sigrúnarson 2013 | 11/28 (39%) | 12/17 (71%) | χ2 (1) = 4·15, p = 0·04 |
| Self-management interventions | |||
| Lay 2018 | 21/75 (28%) | 40/93 (43%) | RR = 0·55, 95% CI = 0·33 to 0·94, p = 0·03 |
Note. Adherence therapy includes compliance therapy. Crisis plans includes advance statements. Crisis resolution teams includes crisis intervention. Assertive community treatment includes assertive outreach and intensive case management. Self-management interventions includes relapse prevention. RR = risk ratio. OR = odds ratio. In the RCT by Trower and colleagues (2004), N in each study arm was not clear at the time of measurement; we have reported N at randomisation (study authors were contacted but could not provide data for this trial). In the RCT by Fenton and colleagues (1998), between 0 and 2 patients were compulsorily admitted in the control group, but the text is ambiguous (study authors were contacted but could not provide data).
Denotes that we performed the statistical test using summary statistics provided in the RCTs. Analyses were performed using the immediate commands in Stata 14.
Denotes an unpublished result, provided via communication with the authors.