TABLE 7.

Differentially abundant taxa for every unit increase of plasma retinol during early infancy and at 2 y of age in male subjects¹

	Log2 fold difference (SE)	P	Adjusted P
Plasma retinol at early infancy
Microbiota in early infancy
Phylum
Verrucomicrobia	6.24 (3.05)	0.04	0.25
Family
Leuconostocaceae	−8.03 (2.84)	0.0054	0.16
Enterobacteriaceae	−4.91 (2.06)	0.018	0.27
Genus
Leuconostoc	−7.72 (2.77)	0.0059	0.26
f_Enterobacteriaceae_g_NA	−5.10 (2.02)	0.012	0.27
Microbiota at 2 y
Phylum
Fusobacteria	7.38 (1.88)	<0.001	0.0011
Family
Fusobacteriaceae	7.49 (1.87)	<0.001	0.0043
Comamonadaceae	−2.43 (1.12)	0.037	0.57
Genus
Cetobacterium	7.80 (1.76)	<0.001	<0.001
Mitsuokella	−3.06 (1.08)	0.010	0.21
Comamonas	−2.64 (1.12)	0.020	0.47
Plasma retinol at 2 y
Microbiota at 2 y
Phylum
Verrucomicrobia	3.43 (1.30)	0.0088	0.053
Family
Verrucomicrobiaceae	3.59 (1.31)	0.007	0.21
Eubacteriaceae	1.02 (0.45)	0.033	0.43
Genus
Akkermansia	3.77 (1.3)	0.0050	0.27
Lactococcus	−3.38 (1.47)	0.023	0.42
Pseudoramibacter_Eubacterium	1.05 (0.46)	0.03	0.42
Cetobacterium	1.72 (0.79)	0.032	0.42
Mitsuokella	−1.23 (0.6)	0.047	0.42
Gemella	−0.85 (0.41)	0.050	0.42

¹Differential taxa abundance at phylum, family, and genus levels was determined by fitZIG mixture modeling during early infancy (average of 6, 11, and 15 wk; n = 129) and at 2 y of age (n = 122). Taxa with a P value <0.05 or the lowest one were selected for this table. Plasma retinol concentration is the mean of the 6- and 15-wk values. Early-infancy microbiota data were adjusted for type of delivery and breastfeeding status. Microbiota data at 2 y were additionally adjusted for age group at 2 y (older and younger). False discovery rate–adjusted P value (adjusted P) was calculated by the Benjamin-Hochberg method.