Table 1.
Baseline Clinical Characteristics.
| PSL+IS | PSL | No maintenance treatment | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical feature | HCQ (+) (n=19) |
HCQ (−) (n=71) |
HCQ (+) (n=11) |
HCQ (−) (n=49) |
HCQ (+) (n=5) |
HCQ (−) (n=10) |
||||||
| Sex (female), n (%) | 17 (89.5) | 62 (87.3) | 10 (90.1) | 49 (100.0) | 5 (100.0) | 10 (100.0) | ||||||
| Age (years) | 38.4±13.9 | 45.5±14.3* | 36.3±12.7 | 48.3±14.1¶ | 36.8±5.3 | 48.2±18.4 | ||||||
| Disease duration (months) | 102.1±111.7 | 121.2±122.1 | 95.0±112.9 | 204.7±313.3 | 61.3±75.2 | 41.5±65.3 | ||||||
| Observation (months) | 13.1±6.1 | 17.0±4.6 | 11.9±5.9 | 14.6±4.1 | 10.5±7.0 | 14.0±3.9 | ||||||
| WBC (×1,000/μL) | 6.7±2.6 | 5.8±2.4 | 6.2±2.4 | 5.8±2.4 | 3.7±0.9 | 4.3±1.9 | ||||||
| Hb (g/dL) | 11.2±2.1 | 12.1±1.5 | 11.4±1.6 | 12.3±1.7 | 12.6±0.7 | 11.3±2.1 | ||||||
| Plt (/μL) | 25.5±8.4 | 22.4±7.8 | 25.0±4.3 | 21.5±6.3 | 20.9±4.9 | 18.9±8.7 | ||||||
| SLEDAI | 3.8±3.8 | 3.4±4.4 | 2.8±2.6 | 2.2±3.9 | 3.0±2.2 | 4.5±5.3 | ||||||
| Proteinuria (g/gCr) | 0.4±0.8 | 0.6±1.3 | 0.1±0.1 | 0.4±1.7 | 0.4±0.5 | 0.3±0.6 | ||||||
| eGFR (mL/min) | 76.8±22.1 | 74.2±22.6 | 84.8±26.8 | 73.0±28.1 | 88.6±16.6 | 73.9±20.7 | ||||||
| CRP (mg/dL) | 0.3±0.7 | 0.2±0.5 | 0.3±0.4 | 0.3±0.6 | 0.1±0.1 | 0.8±1.8 | ||||||
| CH50 (U/mL) | 34.4±8.0 | 35.8±11.3 | 29.9±13.0 | 35.9±11.3 | 32.5±12.0 | 31.4±11.5 | ||||||
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 93.2±17.8 | 104.0±33.9 | 97.2±16.5 | 116.0±30.4 | NA | NA | ||||||
| HbA1c, n (%) | 5.4±0.4 | 5.7±0.6 | 5.7±0.3 | 5.5±0.4 | NA | NA | ||||||
| Anti-Sm antibody positive, n (%) | 4 (21.1) | 15 (21.1) | 1 (9.1) | 4 (8.2) | 1 (20.0) | 4 (40.0) | ||||||
| Anti-dsDNA antibody (IU/mL) | 17.6±17.2 | 16.1±27.2 | 11.3±18.0 | 13.9±19.5 | 11.5±11.2 | 62.4±115.1 | ||||||
| Anti-cardiolipin antibody (IU/mL) | 15.0±16.2 | 13.9±13.7 | 10.0±4.3 | 8.5±2.7 | 8.3±0.6 | 9.7±3.0 | ||||||
| Lupus anticoagulant positive, n (%) | 5 (26.3) | 21 (29.6) | 4 (36.4) | 7 (14.3) | 1 (20.0) | 8 (80.0) § | ||||||
| Organ manifestation | ||||||||||||
| Skin, n (%) | 3 (15.8) | 11 (15.5) | 2 (18.2) | 12 (24.5) | 1 (20.0) | 0 (0) | ||||||
| Arthritis, n (%) | 3 (15.8) | 19 (26.8) | 2 (18.2) | 10 (20.4) | 1 (20.0) | 0 (0) | ||||||
| Cytopenia, n (%) | 8 (42.1) | 30 (43.7) | 6 (54.5) | 22 (44.9) | 4 (80.0) | 6 (60.0) | ||||||
| Serositis, n (%) | 0 (0) | 4 (5.6) | 1 (18.2) | 2 (4.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||||||
| LN class III/IV, n (%) | 6 (31.6) | 14 (19.7) | 1 (9.1) | 3 (6.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||||||
| NPSLE, n (%) | 1 (5.2) | 4 (5.6) | 1 (9.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||||||
| Others, n (%) | 2 (10.5) | 1 (1.4) | 0 (0) | 2 (4.1) | 1(20.0) | 0 (0) | ||||||
| Prednisolone (mg/day) | 8.0±4.2 | 5.9±3.6* | 6.8±3.8 | 6.6±4.5 | - | - | ||||||
| MMF use, n (%) | 10 (52.6) | 24 (33.8)* | - | - | - | - | ||||||
| TAC use, n (%) | 4 (21.1) | 26 (36.6) | - | - | - | - | ||||||
| CyA use, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (11.3) | ||||||||||
| MTX use, n (%) | 1 (5.3) | 3 (4.2) | - | - | - | - | ||||||
| AZP use, n (%) | 4 (21.1) | 16 (22.5) | - | - | - | - | - | |||||
* HCQ (−) vs. HCQ (+) in the PSL+IS group, p<0.05; ¶ HCQ (−) vs. HCQ (+) in the PSL group, p<0.05; § HCQ (−) vs. HCQ (+) in the no maintenance treatment group, p<0.05
PSL: prednisolone, IS: immunosuppressant, HCQ: hydroxychloroquine, NA: not available, WBC: white blood cells, Hb: hemoglobin, Plt: platelets, GFR: glomerular filtration rate, SLEDAI: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index, CRP: c-reactive protein, LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, dsDNA: double-stranded DNA, LN: lupus nephritis, NPSLE: neuropychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus, MMF: mycophenolate mofetil, TAC: tacrolimus, CyA: cyclosporine, MTX: methotrexate, AZA: azathioprine
Values indicate mean±standard deviation unless otherwise indicated.