Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of First Cholangitis Episode Occurring in Patients With ADPKD-Associated PLD and ADPLD, Stratified by Definite and Suspected Diagnosis of Cholangitisa
| Variable | ADPKD-associated PLD (n=24) |
ADPLD (n=5) |
Total (n=29) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Definite (n=19) | Suspected (n=5) | Definite (n=4) | Suspected (n=1) | ADPKD with PLD (n=24) | ADPLD (n=5) | P valueb | |
| Demographic characteristics | |||||||
| Age (y) at first cholangitis episode, mean ± SD | 62.4±12.2 | 53.9±9.3 | 55.1±8.6 | 70.9 | 60.6±12.0 | 58.2±10.3 | .68 |
| Male, No. (%) | 9 (47.4) | 4 (80.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100.0) | 13 (54.2) | 1 (20.0) | .33 |
| White, No. (%) | 17 (89.5) | 3 (60.0) | 4 (100.0) | 1 (100.0) | 20 (83.3) | 5 (100.0) | >.99 |
| Patients with ERCP before first cholangitis episode | n=7 | n=1 | n=2 | n=0 | n=8 | n=2 | |
| No. of ERCP episodes, No. (%) | .53 | ||||||
| 1 | 5 (71.4) | 1 (100.0) | 1 (50.0) | 0 (0) | 6 (75.0) | 1 (50.0) | |
| 2 | 1 (14.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (50.0) | 0 (0) | 1 (12.5) | 1 (50.0) | |
| 3 | 1 (14.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0) | 1 (12.5) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Time between ERCP and cholangitis episodes (y),c median (IQR) | 0.6 (0.1-2.8) | 1.4 | 1.9 (0.9-2.9) | 0 (0) | 1.0 (0.2-2.5) | 1.9 (0.9-2.9) | .51 |
| Sphincterotomy,d No. (%) | 6 (85.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (50.0) | 0 (0) | 6 (75.0) | 1 (50.0) | >.99 |
| Gallstone extraction,d No. (%) | 2 (28.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0) | 2 (25.0) | 0 (0.0) | >.99 |
| Sludge removal,d No. (%) | 1 (14.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0) | 1 (12.5) | 0 (0.0) | >.99 |
| Plastic biliary stent,d No. (%) | 2 (28.6) | 1 (100.0) | 1 (50.0) | 0 (0) | 3 (37.5) | 1 (50.0) | >.99 |
| Microbiology | n=17 | n=5 | n=4 | n=1 | n=22 | n=5 | |
| Blood culture,e No. (%) | .05 | ||||||
| Gram-negative bacilli | 12 (70.6) | 3 (60.0) | 1 (25.0) | 0 (0.0) | 15 (68.2) | 1 (20.0) | |
| Gram-positive cocci | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (25.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (20.0) | |
| Negative | 5 (29.4) | 2 (40.0) | 2 (50.0) | 1 (100.0) | 7 (31.8) | 3 (60.0) | |
| Antibiotic therapy | n=13 | n=3 | n=3 | n=1 | n=16 | n=4 | |
| Antibiotic treatment,f No. (%) | .87 | ||||||
| Monobactam | 1 (7.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (6.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Fluoroquinolone | 6 (46.2) | 1 (33.3) | 1 (33.3) | 1 (100.0) | 7 (43.8) | 2 (50.0) | |
| Carbapenem | 3 (23.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (18.8) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Penicillin–β-lactamase inhibitor | 2 (15.4) | 2 (66.7) | 2 (66.7) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (25.0) | 2 (50.0) | |
| Glycopeptide | 1 (7.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (6.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Duration of antibiotic use (d), median (IQR) | 14.0 (10.0-17.0) | 14.0 (14.0-28.0) | 19.0 (10.0-28.0) | 10.0 | 14.0 (12.0-19.0) | 10.0 (10.0-28.0) | .82 |
| ERCP treatment | n=19 | n=5 | n=4 | n=1 | n=24 | n=5 | |
| Patients with ERCP for treatment of first cholangitis episode,g No. (%) | 10 (52.6) | 4 (80.0) | 1 (25.0) | 0 (0.0) | 14 (58.3) | 1 (20.0) | .17 |
| ERCP with gallstone removal | 7 (36.8) | 3 (60.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 10 (41.7) | 0 (0.0) | .13 |
| ERCP with sludge removal | 5 (26.3) | 1 (20.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (25.0) | 0 (0.0) | .55 |
| ERCP with plastic biliary stenting | 5 (26.3) | 2 (40.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (29.2) | 0 (0.0) | .30 |
ADPKD = autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease; ADPLD = autosomal dominant polycystic liver disease; ERCP = endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; IQR = interquartile range; PLD = polycystic liver disease.
P values were derived using equal variance t tests and Wilcoxon rank sum tests for continuous variables and χ2 tests and Fisher exact tests for categorical variables.
Time between last ERCP before first cholangitis episode and first cholangitis episode.
Before first cholangitis episode.
Gram-negative bacilli: Klebsiella spp (n=5), Klebsiella oxytoca (n=2), Klebsiella aerogenes (n=1), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=1), Escherichia coli (n=5), Acinetobacter spp (n=1), gram-negative bacillus without further speciation (n=1). Gram-positive cocci: Enterococcus faecium (n=1). No multidrug-resistant organisms isolated.
Antibiotic treatment: piperacillin-tazobactam (n=6), ciprofloxacin (n=5), levofloxacin (n=4), ertapenem (n=2), imipenem (n=1), aztreonam (n=1), vancomycin (n=1).
ERCPs performed at or within 6 months after first cholangitis episode were considered to be performed for treatment of cholangitis.