Table 2.

Duration of coercive interventions per case separated by ward before (t0) and after (t1) the implementation of the Safewards Model (reported in hours).

Variable1,2	t0				t1				U value	p value	ES2	95% CI
	n	Range	Mean	SD	n	Range	M	SD
Coercive interventions overall	132	0.08–1860.82	64.7	273.80	113	0.08–953.73	28.7	105.16	0.673	0.673	−0.169	−0.42, 0.083
Ward A	77	0.17–1860.82	92.2	348.32	92	0.08–953.73	34.3	115.86	−0.537	0.591	−0.232	−0.535, 0.072
Ward B	55	0.08–648	26.2	92.30	21	0.08–31.23	3.9	7.67	−2.142	0.032	−0.282	−0.787, 0.222
Mechanical restraint	80	0.17–43.75	6.5	7.70	60	0.08–36.5	6.3	7.98	−0.809	0.419	−0.026	−0.361, 0.309
Ward A	62	0.17–43.75	6.8	7.92	57	0.08–36.5	6.5	8.11	−0.902	0.367	−0.037	−0.397, 0.322
Ward B	18	0.17–28	5.6	7.00	3	0.67–5.67	2.4	2.86	−1.257	0.209	−0.479	−1.709, 0.752
Forced medication	4	0.08–0.17	0.2	0.04	1	0.08	.08	–	−1.225	0.221	–	–
Ward A	1	0.17	0.2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Ward B	3	0.08–0.17	0.1	0.05	1	0.08	.08	–	−1.000	0.317	–	–
Forced medication and mechanical restraint	17	0.08–6	1.2	1.62	19	0.08–10.75	1.5	2.75	−0.736	0.462	0.131	−0.524, 0.786
Ward A	2	0.17–0.83	0.5	0.47	5	0.08–5.83	2.5	2.15	−1.162	0.245	1.034	−0.693, 2.761
Ward B	15	0.08–6	1.3	1.71	14	0.08–10.75	1.2	2.92	−0.458	0.647	−0.042	−0.771, 0.686
Forced medication and limitation of freedom of movement (Ward A)	–	–	–	–	1	–	1.4	–	–	–	–	–
Limitation of freedom of movement	30	0.5–1860.8	265.6	533.33	32	0.42–953.73	88.4	186.22	−0.211	0.833	−0.427	−0.93, 0.077
Ward A	11	6–1860.8	604.0	765.16	29	0.42–953.73	95.5	194.47	−1.895	0.058	−1.192	−1.934, −0.451
Ward B	19	0.5–648	69.6	149.89	3	10. 98–31.23	19.2	10.68	0.886	0.929	−0.354	−1.576, 0.868

¹Cases lacking information of duration of coercive intervention (n = 2) and cases with implausible values (n = 3) were excluded from the analysis regarding duration of coercive interventions. ²Interpretation of the effect sizes according to Cohen (57): d = 0.2 to d = 0.4: small effect, d = 0.5 to d = 0.7: medium effect, d ≥ 0.8: large effect.