Table 3.

Cumulative duration of coercive interventions per patient separated by ward before (t0) and after (t1) the implementation of the Safewards Model (reported in hours).

Variable1	t0			t1			U value	p value	ES2	95% CI
	n	Mean	SD	n	Mean	SD
Coercive interventions overall	51	167.52	461.86	49	66.07	168.35	−0.100	0.920	−0.29	− 0.684, 0.105
Ward A	33	215.17	539.99	41	76.99	182.31	−0.098	0.922	−0.359	−0.821, 0.103
Ward B	18	80.17	256.97	8	10.14	12.02	−0.556	0.579	−0.324	−1.161, 0.514
Mechanical restraint	38	13.75	25.06	35	10.85	17.06	−0.806	0.420	−0.134	−0.594, 0.325
Ward A	25	16.84	30.16	32	11.64	17.63	−0.667	0.504	−0.217	−0.742, 0.307
Ward B	13	7.80	7.67	3	2.36	2.86	0.139	0.139	−0.756	−2.038, 0.527
Forced medication	3	0.2	0.05	1	0.08	–	0.157	0.157	–	–
Ward A	1	0.17	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Ward B	2	0.21	0.06	1	0.08	–	−1.225	0.221	–	–
Forced medication and mechanical restraint	9	2.21	2.57	8	3.60	3.36	−1.155	0.248	0.469	−0.496, 1.435
Ward A	2	0.5	0.47	5	2.47	2.15	−1.162	0.245	1.017	−0.707, 2.741
Ward B	7	2.7	2.74	3	5.5	4.65	−1.254	0.210	0.842	−0.56, 2.244
Forced medication and limitation of freedom of movement (Ward A)	–	–	–	1	1.42	–		–	–	–
Limitation of freedom of movement	14	569.05	709.93	18	157.09	239.85	−1.767	0.077	−0.821	−1.548, −0.095
Ward A	10	664.42	778.60	16	173.13	250.45	−1.503	0.133	−0.952	−1.783, −0.12
Ward B	4	330.60	509.12	2	28.73	3.54	−1.852	0.064	−0.685	−2.426, 1.056
1 Cases lacking information of duration of coercive interventions (n = 2) and cases with implausible values (n = 3) were excluded from the analysis regarding duration of methods of coercive interventions. 2 Interpretation of the effect sizes according to Cohen (57): d = 0.2 to d = 0.4: small effect, d = 0.5 to d = 0.7: medium effect, d ≥ 0.8: large effect.