TABLE 1.
Selected characteristics of mothers of controls by reported periconceptional genitourinary infection, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997–2011a
| Maternal characteristic | Genitourinary infection (n = 1,014) n (%)b | No genitourinary infection (n = 10,531) n (%)b | p valuec |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | <.001 | ||
| <24 | 489 (48.2) | 3,251 (30.9) | |
| 25–29 | 250 (24.7) | 2,940 (27.9) | |
| 30 + | 275 (27.1) | 4,340 (41.2) | |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic white | 527 (52.0) | 6,160 (58.5) | <.001 |
| Non-Hispanic black | 130(12.8) | 1,138 (10.8) | |
| Hispanic | 291 (28.7) | 2,541 (24.1) | |
| Other | 66 (6.5) | 686 (6.5) | |
| Education | |||
| High school or less | 503 (51.0) | 4,012 (39.0) | <.001 |
| More than high school | 484 (49.0) | 6,281 (61.0) | |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI | |||
| < 18.5 | 73 (7.5) | 515 (5.1) | <.001 |
| 18.5-<25.0 | 472 (48.5) | 5,483 (54.4) | |
| 25-<30 | 223 (22.9) | 2,284 (22.7) | |
| ≥ 30 | 205 (21.1) | 1,804 (17.9) | |
| Periconceptional smokinga | |||
| Yes | 263 (26.6) | 1,764(17.1) | <.001 |
| No | 726 (73.4) | 8,573 (82.9) | |
| Periconceptional alcohol usea | |||
| Yes | 375 (38.0) | 3,840 (37.3) | .655 |
| No | 612 (62.0) | 6,462 (62.7) | |
| Gestational diabetes | |||
| Yes | 54 (5.5) | 474 (4.6) | .224 |
| No | 931 (94.5) | 9,776 (95.4) | |
| Folic acid-containing supplement used | |||
| Yes | 489 (48.8) | 5,579 (53.3) | .006 |
| No | 514(51.3) | 4,883 (46.7) | |
| Study Center | |||
| Arkansas | 188 (18.5) | 1,248 (11.9) | <.001 |
| California | 111 (11.0) | 1,131 (10.7) | |
| Georgia | 92 (9.1) | 1,148 (10.9) | |
| Iowa | 92 (9.1) | 1,171 (11.1) | |
| Massachusetts | 79 (7.8) | 1,303 (12.4) | |
| New Jersey | 40 (3.9) | 534 (5.1) | |
| New York | 74 (7.3) | 886 (8.4) | |
| North Carolina | 84 (8.3) | 908 (8.6) | |
| Texas | 165 (16.3) | 1,199 (11.4) | |
| Utah | 89 (8.8) | 1,003 (9.5) | |
Note. BMI = body mass index (weight in kilograms/height in meters2).
a
Periconceptional defined as the month before through the third month of pregnancy.
b
Totals vary because of missing values.
c
Chi-square test for difference in the distribution within each covariate.
d
In the month before pregnancy through the first month of pregnancy.