Table 1.
Cause-specific mortality fractions (CSMFs) by age group for 6130 deaths from the Population Health Metrics Research Consortium (PHMRC) verbal autopsy reference dataset, with PHMRC cause of death determined from clinical data at tertiary hospitals involved in final care, and processed by the InterVA-5 model from PHMRC verbal autopsy data. Causes of death are shown in WHO-2016 categories, as well as in broad groups
| WHO-2016 cause category | CSMF % ≥ 5 years | CSMF % < 5 years | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PHMRC | InterVA-5 | PHMRC | InterVA-5 | |
| 01.01 Sepsis (non-obstetric) | 0.22 | 0.17 | 2.68 | 1.13 |
| 01.02 Acute resp infect incl pneumonia | 7.00 | 7.23 | 12.93 | 13.72 |
| 01.03 HIV/AIDS related death | 6.06 | 7.70 | 0.42 | 0.84 |
| 01.04 Diarrhoeal diseases | 3.09 | 2.63 | 5.52 | 9.27 |
| 01.05 Malaria | 1.40 | 0.46 | 2.79 | 1.58 |
| 01.06 Measles | 0.12 | 0 | 0.21 | 0.05 |
| 01.07 Meningitis and encephalitis | 0.24 | 0.57 | 1.95 | 3.03 |
| 01.08 & 10.05 Tetanus | 0 | 0.11 | ||
| 01.09 Pulmonary tuberculosis | 3.16 | 6.52 | 0.16 | 0.00 |
| 01.10 Pertussis | 0 | 0.27 | ||
| 01.11 Haemorrhagic fever | 0.34 | 0.14 | 0.89 | 0.31 |
| 01.99 Other and unspecified infect dis | 3.31 | 3.30 | 0.74 | 1.10 |
| 02.01 Oral neoplasms | 0.29 | 0.07 | ||
| 02.02 Digestive neoplasms | 2.73 | 5.14 | ||
| 02.03 Respiratory neoplasms | 1.40 | 1.38 | ||
| 02.04 Breast neoplasms | 2.27 | 1.40 | ||
| 02.05 & 02.06 Reproductive neoplasms m&f | 2.78 | 2.87 | ||
| 02.99 Other and unspecified neoplasms | 3.41 | 0.83 | 0.26 | 0.00 |
| 03.02 Severe malnutrition | 0 | 0.30 | 0 | 2.00 |
| 03.03 Diabetes mellitus | 5.14 | 4.12 | 0 | 0.11 |
| 04.01 Acute cardiac disease | 5.12 | 6.13 | ||
| 04.02 Stroke | 7.37 | 10.27 | ||
| 04.03 Sickle cell with crisis | 0 | 0.08 | 0 | 0.50 |
| 04.99 Other and unspecified cardiac dis | 5.19 | 6.10 | 1.63 | 0.09 |
| 05.01 Chronic obstructive pulmonary dis | 1.98 | 0.61 | ||
| 05.02 Asthma | 0.65 | 0.04 | ||
| 06.01 Acute abdomen | 0 | 0.68 | 0 | 0.20 |
| 06.02 Liver cirrhosis | 3.74 | 3.86 | ||
| 07.01 Renal failure | 4.81 | 3.13 | ||
| 08.01 Epilepsy | 0.39 | 0.39 | 0 | 0.18 |
| 09.01 Ectopic pregnancy | 0 | 0.08 | ||
| 09.02 Abortion-related death | 0 | 1.78 | ||
| 09.03 Pregnancy-induced hypertension | 1.50 | 1.21 | ||
| 09.04 Obstetric haemorrhage | 1.55 | 1.07 | ||
| 09.05 Obstructed labour | 0.27 | 0 | ||
| 09.06 Pregnancy-related sepsis | 0.75 | 0.14 | ||
| 09.07 Anaemia of pregnancy | 0.70 | 0 | ||
| 09.08 Ruptured uterus | 0 | 0.02 | ||
| 09.99 Other and unspecified maternal CoD | 1.04 | 0.27 | ||
| 10.01 Prematurity | 8.41 | 15.81 | ||
| 10.02 Birth asphyxia | 14.41 | 8.02 | ||
| 10.03 Neonatal pneumonia | 5.05 | 1.77 | ||
| 10.04 Neonatal sepsis | 5.57 | 2.10 | ||
| 10.06 Congenital malformation | 6.31 | 8.93 | ||
| 10.99 Other and unspecified neonatal CoD | 0 | 0.11 | ||
| 11.99 Stillbirth | 25.24 | 25.47 | ||
| 12.01 Road traffic accident | 3.41 | 4.18 | 0.58 | 0.78 |
| 12.03 Accidental fall | 2.27 | 1.52 | 0.47 | 0.44 |
| 12.04 Accidental drowning and submersion | 1.76 | 0.82 | 0.53 | 0.46 |
| 12.05 Accidental exposure to smoke fire & flame | 1.84 | 1.21 | 1.00 | 0.64 |
| 12.06 Contact with venomous plant/animal | 1.23 | 0.84 | 0.32 | 0.23 |
| 12.07 Accidental poisoning & noxious substances | 1.16 | 0.12 | 0.21 | 0.17 |
| 12.08 Intentional self-harm | 1.69 | 3.61 | ||
| 12.09 Assault | 2.61 | 4.06 | 0.37 | 0.56 |
| 12.99 Other and unspecified external CoD | 1.16 | 0.05 | 0 | 0.02 |
| 98 Other and unspecified NCD | 4.86 | 2.89 | 1.37 | 0 |
| Broad groups | ||||
| Infections | 21.63 | 28.72 | 28.29 | 31.41 |
| Neoplasms | 12.88 | 11.69 | 0.26 | 0 |
| Cardiovascular diseases | 17.68 | 22.58 | 1.63 | 0.59 |
| Other non-communicable diseases | 24.87 | 16.03 | 26.59 | 27.96 |
| Maternal and neonatal causes | 5.81 | 4.57 | 39.75 | 36.74 |
| Stillbirths | 25.24 | 25.47 | ||
| External causes | 17.13 | 16.41 | 3.48 | 3.30 |