Table 2.
Population-based Studies of Occupational Risk for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
| First Author, Year, Location (Reference) | Study Type and Population | Total (N) | Number of Cases | Definition of COPD | Exposure Information | PAF (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hnizdo, 2002, USA (35) | Population based | 9,823 | 693 | COPD = FEV1/FVC <0.7 and FEV1 <80% (pre-BD) | Occupational groups | 19.6 |
| Trupin, 2003, USA (36) | Population based | 1,932 | 377 | Self-reported doctor’s diagnosis | Self-reported | 20.0 |
| de Marco, 2004, international (37) | Population based | 14,318 | 1,751 | COPD = FEV1/FVC <0.7 (pre-BD) | Self-reported exposure to dust, gas, and fumes | 17.4 |
| Lindberg, 2005 Sweden (38) | Population based (longitudinal) | 1,109 | 83 | COPD = FEV1/FVC <0.7 and FEV1 <80% (pre-BD) | Socioeconomic classification (manual worker in industry) | 15.0 |
| Sunyer, 2005, international (39) | Population based (longitudinal), females | 3,279 | 53 | COPD = FEV1/FVC <0.7 (pre-BD) | VGDF by JEM (high exposure) | 1.0 |
| Sunyer, 2005, international (39) | Population based (longitudinal), males | 3,202 | 61 | COPD = FEV1/FVC <0.7 (pre-BD) | VGDF by JEM (high exposure) | 0 |
| Jaén, 2006, Spain (40) | Population based | 497 | 73 | COPD = FEV1/FVC <0.7 (post-BD) | Self-reported (any exposure to dust, gas, and fumes) | 9.0 |
| Zhong, 2007, China (41) | Population based | 20,245 | 1,668 | COPD = FEV1/FVC <0.7 (post-BD) | Self-reported (any exposure to dust, gas, and fumes) | 3.9 |
| Weinmann, 2008, USA (42) | Case–control | 744 | 388 | COPD = FEV1/FVC below LLN or by algorithm | JEM | 24 |
| Blanc, 2009, USA (43) | Case–control | 1,504 | 1,202 | COPD = FEV1/FVC <0.7 (pre-BD) | VGDF by JEM (high exposure) | 14.0 |
| Blanc, 2009, USA (44) | Case–control | 1,788 | 79 | COPD = FEV1/FVC <0.7 | VGDF self-reported | 17.0 |
| Melville, 2010, UK (45) | Population based | 841 | 84 | COPD = FEV1/FVC <70 and FEV1 <80% (post-BD) | Self-reported occupational exposure at risk of COPD | 50.0 |
| Idolor, 2011, Philippines (46) | Population based | 722 | 141 | COPD = FEV1/FVC <70 (post-BD) | Self-reported exposure in a dusty job | 5.2 |
| Mehta, 2012, Switzerland (47) | Population based (longitudinal) | 1,958* | 43* | COPD = FEV1/FVC below LLN stage II+ (pre-BD) | VGDF by JEM (high exposure) | 23* |
| Lam, 2012, China (48) | Population based | 8,216 | 461 | COPD = FEV1/FVC below LLN (pre-BD) | Self-reported (any exposure to dust, gas, and fumes) | 10.4 |
| Darby, 2012, UK (49) | Population based | 571 | 197 | COPD = FEV1/FVC <70 (pre-BD) | Self-reported VGDF exposure | 20 |
| Hansell, 2014, New Zealand (50) | Population based | 750 | 83 | COPD = FEV1/FVC below LLN (pre-BD) | VGDF by JEM (high exposure) | 2.7 |
| Doney, 2014, USA (51) | Population based | 3,508 | 196 | COPD = FEV1/FVC below LLN and FEV1 below LLN (pre-BD) | Self-reported (severe exposure) | 38.8 |
| de Jong, 2014, Netherlands (52) | Population based (LifeLine cohort), | 11,851 | 1,754 | COPD = FEV1/FVC <0.7 (pre-BD) | VGDF by JEM (high exposure) | 4.3 |
| de Jong, 2014, Netherlands (52) | Population based (Vlagtwedde-Vlaardingen cohort) | 2,364 | 639 | COPD = FEV1/FVC <0.7 (pre-BD) | VGDF by JEM (high exposure) | 9.7 |
| Pallasaho, 2014, Finland (53) | Population based (longitudinal) | 4,080 | 140 | Self-reported | Self-reported | 23.6 |
| Scholes, 2014, UK (54) | Population based | 7,603 | 1,032 | COPD = FEV1/FVC below LLN (pre-BD) | Job classification as routine occupation | 9.1 |
| Paulin, 2015, USA (55) | Population-based cohort of smokers | 1,075 | 721 | COPD = FEV1/FVC <0.7 (post-BD) | VGDF by JEM (intermediate/high risk) | 12.0 |
| Würtz, 2015, Denmark (56) | Population based | 4,132 | 279 | COPD = FEV1/FVC below LLN (pre-BD) | VGDF by JEM (high exposure) | 10.3 |
| Obaseki, 2016, Nigeria (57) | Population based | 875 | 67 | COPD = FEV1/FVC below LLN (post-BD) | Self-reported (dusty jobs) | 14.9 |
| Tagiyeva, 2017, UK (58) | Population based | 237 | 63 | COPD = FEV1/FVC below LLN (post-BD) | VGDF by JEM | 0 |
| Sinha, 2017, India (59) | Population based | 1,203 | 122 | COPD = FEV1/FVC <0.7 (post-BD) | Self-reported | 34.6 |
| Torén, 2017, Sweden (60) | Population based | 1,052 | 50 | COPD = FEV1/FVC <0.7 + dyspnea, wheezing, or chronic bronchitis | Self-reported | 37 |
Definition of abbreviations: BD = bronchodilator; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; JEM = job exposure matrix; LLN = lower limit of normal; PAF = population attributable fraction; UK = United Kingdom; USA = United States; VGDF = vapors, gas, dust, or fumes.
The pooled PAF for the occupational contribution to COPD was 14% (95% confidence interval, 10–18%). The pooled PAF for the occupational contribution to COPD in nonsmokers (references not in table [35, 47, 51, 64–66]) was 31% (95% confidence interval, 10–18%).
*
Ever-smokers.