Table 6.
Occupational Exposures in Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis
| First Author, Year, Location (Reference) | Exposure Measure | Cases (N) | Occupational Burden (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Davidson,1969, international (112) | Reported history | 139 | 50 |
| McEuen, 1978, USA (113) | Lung tissue particles | 37 | 35 |
| Rubin, 1980, Canada (114) | Reported history | 13 | 15 |
| Kariman, 1984, USA (115) | Reported history | 23 | 0 |
| Prakash, 1987, USA (116) | Reported history | 34 | 9 |
| Asamoto, 1995, Japan (117) | Reported history | 68 | 15 |
| Goldstein, 1998, USA (118) | Reported history | 24 | 50 |
| Kim, 1999, Korea (119) | Reported history | 10 | 40 |
| Briens, 2002, France, Belgium (120) | Questionnaire | 41 | 39 |
| Inoue, 2008, Japan (121) | Questionnaire | 199 | 26 |
| Fang, 2009, China (122) | Reported history | 11 | 18 |
| Xu, 2009, China (123) | Reported history | 241 | 8 |
| Byun, 2010, Korea (124) | Reported history | 38 | 0 |
| Bonella, 2011, Germany (125) | Questionnaire | 70 | 51 |
| Fang, 2012, China (126) | Reported history | 25 | 36 |
| Campo, 2013, Italy (127) | Reported history | 73 | 36 |
| Zhao, 2013, China (128) | Reported history | 30 | 67 |
| Fijołek, 2014, Poland (129) | Reported history | 17 | 24 |
| Ilkovich, 2014, Russia (130) | Reported history | 68 | 59 |
| Yang, 2014, China (131) | Reported history | 10 | 20 |
| Akasaka, 2015, Japan (132) | Reported history | 31 | 26 |
| Xiao, 2015, China (133) | Questionnaire | 45 | 38 |
| Bai, 2016, China (134) | Questionnaire | 101 | 50 |
| Deleanu, 2016, Romania (135) | Reported history | 20 | 20 |
| Hadda, 2016, India (136) | Reported history | 35 | 14 |
| Huang, 2016, China (137) | Reported history | 17 | 29 |
| Mo, 2016, China (138) | Reported history | 11 | 18 |
| Guo, 2017, China (139) | Reported history | 37 | 49 |
| Hwang, 2017, Korea (140) | Reported history | 71 | 48 |
Definition of abbreviation: USA = United States.
All studies are case series except four case–control studies (113, 126, 133, 158) and one national registry (121). “Reported history” refers to occupational or exposure history from the clinical record. Occupational burden is based on the prevalence among cases of occupations likely to involve inhalational exposures or inhalational exposures likely to be occupational. The pooled occupational burden was 29% (95% confidence interval, 21–37%).