Silencing of MMP9 inhibits A549 cell invasion, whereas overexpression reverses shSDC2-mediated inhibition of cell invasion in A549 cells. (A) A549 cells were transfected with lentiviral particles carrying Scr or shMM9 (a and b) or transiently transfected with pCMV6 (EV) or pCMV6-MMP9. Cells were lysed and MMP9 expression was measured via Western blot. (B) The invasive capacity of Scr and shMMP9 (b)-transfected cells was measured using a Matrigel invasion assay. (C) Overexpression of MMP9 restored the invasive capacity of cells transfected with shSDC2. The data are presented as mean ± SEM, n = 3/group, with testing by Student’s unpaired t test or by one-way ANOVA (*P < 0.05, significant comparisons vs. EV; †P < 0.05, significant comparisons versus EV+shSDC2).