Rubin 1990.

Methods	Study design: parallel RCT Study time frame/recruitment period: May 1987 to September 1989 Follow‐up period: 2 years
Participants	Country: USA Setting: single centre All patients undergoing placement of initial PD catheters Number: treatment group (50); control group (35) Mean age ± SD (years): treatment group (47 ± 18); control group (51 ± 17) Sex (M/F): 40/45 Diabetes: not reported Exclusion criteria: previous abdominal surgery that precluded randomisation of catheter insertion site
Interventions	Treatment group (groups 1 and 3) Midline insertion, straight catheter/lateral insertion, straight catheter Control group (groups 2 and 4) Midline insertion, spiral catheter/lateral insertion, spiral catheter Other information All procedures performed in an operating room environment Dialysis was started within 2 to 3 hours of returning from the operating theatre
Outcomes	Exit site/tunnel infection: tunnel infection ‐ obvious purulence from the catheter exit site in association with peritonitis; exit‐site infection ‐ purulence of exit site without peritonitis Peritonitis: dialysate becoming turbid and abdominal pain or a positive culture Catheter removal/replacement
Notes	Funding source: not reported
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Insufficient information to permit judgement
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Insufficient information to permit judgement
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	High risk	Not blinded
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	High risk	Not blinded
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Insufficient information to permit judgement
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	High risk	Not all the outcomes were reported
Other bias	High risk	Introduced new type of catheter and new catheter insertion technique at the same time for the treatment group