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. 2019 May 24;10:1152. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01152

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Copyright © 2019 Aoki, Hagiwara, Akashi, Sasaki, Murata, Ogata and Takemura.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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“Bunch” formation of the amoeba cells. Hokutovirus (HV) 1, kashiwazakivirus (KV) 3, kyotovirus (KyoV) 1, and tokyovirus (TokyoV) were inoculated into A. castellanii cells with four degrees of titers (MOIs are approximately 4, 0.4, 0.04, and 0.004 calculated using TCID₅₀ values and A. castellanii cell count). Control: non-infected A. castellanii cells. Formed “bunch” are indicated by orange circles.