TABLE 1.
Characteristics of the patient cohort
| Lifestyle factor distribution by median level | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Mean (SD) or n (%) | Duration (y) | Never | <Median | ≥Median |
| PD patient cohort (n = 244) | |||||
| Age at diagnosis | 66.9 (9.9) | ||||
| Sex, male | 139 (57) | ||||
| European ancestry | 195 (80) | ||||
| PD duration, baseline exam (y) | 2.1 (1.5) | ||||
| Follow-up, years | 5.3 (2.1) | ||||
| Years of schooling | 13.7 (4.4) | ||||
| Caffeinated coffee | 40.1 (19.8) | 34 (14) | 104 (43) | 106 (43) | |
| Caffeinated tea | 31.1 (23.3) | 67 (27) | 80 (33) | 93 (39) | |
| Alcohol, ever | 221 (91) | ||||
| Alcohol, weekly | 159 (65) | ||||
| Beer (drinks/day) | 21.9 (21.4) | 94 (39) | 80 (33) | 70 (29) | |
| Wine (drinks/day) | 20.1 (20.4) | 104 (43) | 67 (28) | 72 (30) | |
| Liquor (drinks/day) | 21.2 (21.2) | 102 (42) | 74 (30) | 68 (28) | |
| Physical activity, MET-h/wk (IQR) | 1.01 (1.2) | N/A | 126 (53) | 113 (47) | |
| Competitive sports, ever | 117 (49) | ||||
| Smoking, never | 133 (55) | ||||
| Former | 101 (41) | ||||
| Current (at baseline) | 10 (4) | ||||
| Pack-years | 9.4 (19.6) | ||||
| MMSE cognition score (n = 242) | |||||
| Mean change on MMSE, per 5 years | −1.3 (4.8) | ||||
| Cognitive decline (≥4 points in score) | 50 (21) | ||||
| Observed time from baseline exam (y)a | 5.1 (2.2) | ||||
| Mean change on MMSE, per 5 years among those with cognitive decline | −6.4 (7.1) | ||||
| Hoehn & Yahr (n = 243) | |||||
| Baseline H&Y ≥ 3 | 31 (13) | ||||
| Conversion from <3 to ≥3 | 77 (32) | ||||
| Observed time from baseline exam (y)a | 4.7 (2.0) | ||||
| Survival | |||||
| Registered deaths — PD patients (n = 360) | 209 (58) | ||||
| Age at death/censor (y) | 78.3 (9.1) | ||||
| Registered deaths — controls (n = 341) | 67 (20) | ||||
| Age at death/censor (y) | 78.7 (11.5) | ||||
MMSE, Mini-Mental State Exam; H&Y, Hoehn & Yahr score; N/A, not applicable.
a
Observed time to event or censor, excluding those with event at baseline