TABLE 2.
Associations (hazard ratios [HRs] and 95% confidence intervals [CIs]) between lifestyle factors and mortality among PD patients and population controls
| Mortality | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PD patients (n = 360) | Controls (n = 341) | |||
| Lifestyle factor | HR (95% CI) | P | HR (95% CI) | P |
| Caffeinated coffee | ||||
| Ever (vs never) | 0.47 (0.32–0.69) | 9.9 × 10−05 | 0.56 (0.28–1.12) | 0.10 |
| Never vs < median (cups/day)a | 2.37 (1.57–3.58) | 4.5 × 10−05 | 1.23 (0.57–2.68) | 0.60 |
| ≥Median vs < median (cups/day)a | 1.30 (0.94–1.79) | 0.11 | 0.67 (0.38–1.19) | 0.18 |
| Caffeinated tea | ||||
| Ever (vs never) | 0.67 (0.48–0.93) | 0.02 | 0.91 (0.51–1.61) | 0.74 |
| Never vs < median (cups/day)a | 1.81 (1.23–2.65) | 0.003 | 1.01 (0.52–1.94) | 0.98 |
| ≥Median vs < median (cups/day)a | 1.41 (0.97–2.03) | 0.07 | 0.77 (0.42–1.44) | 0.42 |
| Alcohol | ||||
| Ever (vs never) | 0.67 (0.42–1.07) | 0.10 | 0.42 (0.20–0.92) | 0.03 |
| Weekly (vs never weekly) | 0.72 (0.51–1.00) | 0.05 | 0.82 (0.46–1.48) | 0.52 |
| Beer | ||||
| Ever (vs never) | 0.71 (0.51–0.99) | 0.04 | 0.88 (0.48–1.64) | 0.71 |
| Never vs < median (cups/day)a | 1.54 (1.07–2.22) | 0.02 | 1.21 (0.62–2.35) | 0.58 |
| ≥Median vs < median (cups/day)a | 1.39 (0.92–2.09) | 0.12 | 1.09 (0.57–2.09) | 0.79 |
| Wine | ||||
| Ever (vs never) | 0.66 (0.49–0.89) | 0.006 | 0.46 (0.27–0.76) | 0.003 |
| Never vs < median (cups/day)a | 1.35 (0.95–1.91) | 0.09 | 2.03 (1.11–3.73) | 0.02 |
| ≥Median vs < median (cups/day)a | 0.76 (0.51–1.13) | 0.17 | 0.72 (0.36–1.44) | 0.35 |
| Liquor | ||||
| Ever (vs never) | 0.73 (0.54–0.98) | 0.04 | 0.50 (0.29–0.84) | 0.009 |
| Never vs < median (cups/day)a | 1.46 (1.02–2.07) | 0.04 | 1.86 (1.00–3.48) | 0.05 |
| ≥Median vs < median (cups/day)a | 1.11 (0.75–1.63) | 0.60 | 0.75 (0.38–1.47) | 0.40 |
| Physical activity | ||||
| Competitive sports, ever (vs never) | 0.71 (0.52–0.99) | 0.04 | 1.11 (0.65–1.92) | 0.70 |
| MET-h/wk (IQR) | 0.93 (0.78–1.11) | 0.41 | 1.29 (0.97–1.72) | 0.08 |
| ≥Median MET-h/wk (vs < median) | 0.82 (0.60–1.12) | 0.20 | 1.70 (0.98–2.94) | 0.06 |
| Smoking | ||||
| Pack-years (per 10) | 1.12 (1.06–1.19) | 6.2 × 10−05 | 1.09 (0.98–1.21) | 0.12 |
| Former (vs never) | 1.47 (1.08–1.99) | 0.01 | 2.15 (1.21–3.81) | 0.009 |
| Current, at baseline (vs never) | 1.90 (0.84–4.30) | 0.12 | 2.32 (0.88–6.08) | 0.09 |
a
Median of lifetime weighted average drinks per day (>0) found in the baseline cohort; specific to patients or controls. <Median reference for never and ≥ median. Mortality associations were assessed in the entire baseline cohort.
Models control for age at diagnosis, sex, European ancestry, years of schooling, smoking history, a history of heart attack, stroke, cancer, COPD/emphysema, and type 2 diabetes, and occupational pesticide exposures (JEM).