TABLE 3.
Associations (hazard ratios [HRs] and 95% confidence intervals [CIs]) between lifestyle factors and progression outcomes among PD patients
| Time to MMSE 4-point decline | Time to H&Y ≥ 3 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PD patients (n = 242) | PD patients (n = 212) | |||
| Lifestyle factor | HR (95% CI) | P | HR (95% CI) | P |
| Caffeinated coffee | ||||
| Ever (vs never) | 0.23 (0.11–0.48) | 1.10 × 10−04 | 0.52 (0.28–1.01) | 0.05 |
| Never vs < median (cups/day)a | 5.62 (2.42–13.03) | 5.70 × 10−05 | 2.09 (1.04–4.19) | 0.04 |
| ≥Median vs < median (cups/day)a | 1.23(0.86–3.32) | 0.13 | 1.23 (0.73–2.06) | 0.45 |
| Caffeinated tea | ||||
| Ever (vs never) | 0.56 (0.30–1.03) | 0.06 | 0.93 (0.51–1.71) | 0.82 |
| Never vs < median (cups/day)a | 2.33 (1.01–5.37) | 0.05 | 0.88 (0.45–1.70) | 0.70 |
| ≥Median vs < median (cups/day)a | 1.43 (0.64–3.20) | 0.38 | 0.64 (0.36–1.14) | 0.13 |
| Alcohol | ||||
| Ever (vs never) | 1.05 (0.40–2.74) | 0.93 | 0.76 (0.38–1.54) | 0.44 |
| Weekly (vs never weekly) | 0.95 (0.47–1.92) | 0.88 | 0.82 (0.48–1.42) | 0.48 |
| Beer | ||||
| Ever (vs never) | 0.93 (0.47–1.86) | 0.84 | 0.73 (0.43–1.22) | 0.23 |
| Never vs < median (cups/day)a | 1.20 (0.57–2.53) | 0.63 | 1.72 (0.96–3.08) | 0.07 |
| ≥Median vs < median (cups/day)a | 1.86 (0.88–3.90) | 0.10 | 1.86 (0.96–3.62) | 0.07 |
| Wine | ||||
| Ever (vs never) | 1.24 (0.68–2.25) | 0.49 | 0.85 (0.53–1.38) | 0.51 |
| Never vs < median (cups/day)a | 0.88 (0.44–1.75) | 0.71 | 1.41 (0.78–2.55) | 0.25 |
| ≥Median vs < median (cups/day)a | 1.18 (0.54–2.60) | 0.68 | 1.58 (0.83–2.99) | 0.16 |
| Liquor | ||||
| Ever (vs never) | 0.41 (0.23–0.72) | 1.83E-03 | 0.40 (0.25–0.64) | 1.40 × 10−04 |
| Never vs < median (cups/day)a | 2.36 (1.21–4.60) | 0.01 | 3.48 (1.90–6.38) | 5.41 × 10−05 |
| ≥Median vs < median (cups/day)a | 0.90 (0.37–2.23) | 0.82 | 2.16 (1.03–4.54) | 0.04 |
| Physical activity | ||||
| Competitive sports, ever (vs never) | 0.46 (0.22–0.96) | 0.04 | 0.42 (0.23–0.79) | 6.87 × 10−03 |
| MET-h/wk (IQR) | 0.71 (0.51–1.01) | 0.06 | 0.73 (0.53–1.00) | 0.05 |
| ≥Median vs < median (MET-h/wk) | 1.02(0.52–1.99) | 0.95 | 0.51 (0.28–0.91) | 0.02 |
| Smoking | ||||
| Pack-years (per 10) | 1.04 (0.89–1.22) | 0.62 | 1.10 (0.93–1.32) | 0.28 |
| Former (vs never) | 0.75 (0.40–1.42) | 0.38 | 1.04 (0.64–1.68) | 0.89 |
| Current, at baseline (vs never) | 3.23 (1.03–10.15) | 0.04 | 0.45 (0.05–4.29) | 0.49 |
a
Median of lifetime weighted average drinks per day (>0) found in the baseline cohort; specific to patients or controls. <Median reference for never and ≥ median. PD progression associations were assessed after applying IPCWs to the uncensored population.
Models control for age at diagnosis, sex, European ancestry, years of schooling, smoking history (excluded from smoking pack-years comparisons), and occupational pesticide exposures (JEM).