Table 4. Summary of published research articles identified in the scoping review (2006–2010).

Author; Year/ Country	University/ Institution	Type of publications	Program description	Outcome variable/ Measurement instrument	Results
Bernabe E, et al.; 2006/ Peru [47]	Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia	Original research	Dental Public Health Teaching-learning experiences of dental students in low income communities	Students’ competencies and experience/ Qualitative interviews	Good clinical competencies and enhanced sense of social responsibility among students
Harrison RL, et al.; 2006/ Canada [61]	University of British Columbia	Original research report	Brighter Smiles program trained pediatric residents in a remote First Nations community including brush-ins, fluoride application, oral presentations, and regular visits by pediatric residents	Improvement in the oral health of children in a remote First Nations community/Oral examination	Improved oral health of children Increased proportion of preventive services and significantly reduced the time needed for extraction of primary teeth by therapists
Author; Year/ Country	University/ Institution	Type of publications	Program description	Outcome variable/ Measurement instrument	Results
Bazen JJ, et al.; 2007/ Australia [3]	University of Western Australia	Original research	Rural, remote, and Aboriginal pre-graduation placements for dental students under the supervision of dentists	Students’ competencies and supervisors’ attitude/ Closed and open-ended questionnaires	Positive perception among students and more students preferred rural dental practice Supervising dentist graded students’ clinical competencies and their relationships with patients and local staff as ‘very good’ < 1/3rd of the students believed that the 3-week placement was short-term and insufficient to experience and practice rural dentistry
Branson BG, et a.l; 2007/ USA [38]	University of Missouri-Kansas City	Original research	Dental hygiene student rotations to rural and underserved areas	Students’ competencies and satisfaction/Qualitative and quantitative (questionnaire) measurements	Increased satisfaction among students Improved students’ clinical competencies
Hunter ML, et al.; 2007/ UK [52]	Wales College of Medicine	Original research (pilot study)	Community dental service outreach teaching program for final year dental students for providing pediatric dental care	Students’ confidence in comparison to the clinical session at dental school/Pre- and post-questionnaires	Students showed higher confidence in providing comprehensive oral care
Lo ECM, et al; 2007/ China [81]	University of Hong Kong	Original research	3-year outreach dental service program in four primary schools in rural town in southern China (partnered with WHO Collaboration Centre on Primary Health Care)	Cost-effectiveness/ Descriptive measurement	Cost-effective and affordable
Macnab J, et al.; 2008/ Canada [62]	University of British Columbia	Original research	Same as Harrison RL, et al.; 2006 [61], three years’ evaluation	Improvement in oral health and oral health knowledge among school children/Oral examination (oral health indices)	Reduced DMFT/dmft score and more caries-free children after three years Dentist noticed improved oral health and knowledge among children
Schoo AM, et al; 2008/ Australia [33]	Flinders University and Deaking University	Original research (pilot study)	Medical, dental, nursing and allied health students were enrolled in the rural placement program	Rural recruitment of new graduates/Pre- and post-survey questionnaires	Positive association of the rural placement with rural recruitment More urban students began rural practice compared to rural
Shrestha A, et al.; 2008/ India [75]	Manipal College of Dental Sciences	Original research (cross-sectional survey)	Weekly and monthly conduction of rural outreach dental camps	Patient satisfaction after one year/Questionnaire	High patient satisfaction
Abuzar MA, et al.; 2009/ Australia [25]	University of Melbourne	Original research	Rural dental rotation program for education and training of final year dental students	Dental students’ experience/Anonymous questionnaires	Students had a positive perception, enriched feeling towards community’s culture and better understanding of community’s dental needs
Author; Year/ Country	University/ Institution	Type of publications	Program description	Outcome variable/ Measurement instrument	Results
Andersen RM, et a.l; 2009/ USA [55] Friedman JA, et al.; 2009/ USA [56] Kuthy RA, et al.; 2009/USA [58] Thind A, et al.; 2009/ USA [57]	National Pipeline schools (11): Universities of Boston, Howard, Temple, Ohio State, South Carolina, Connecticut Health Center, Washington, West Virginia, University of California at San Francisco, University of Illinois at Chicago, and Meharry Medical College California Pipeline schools (4): Universities of Pacific, Southern California, University of California at Los Angeles, and Loma Linda University	Original project	USA Dental Pipeline Project– 2001 to 2010, one of the most extensive projects that involved various dental schools aimed to increase the recruitment and retention of students from under-represented minorities (URM) and low-income groups in dental schools	Impact on URM enrollment; developing community-based dental education curricula; and extending extramural clinical rotations/ Descriptive measurement	Increased enrollment of URM students by 27%, URM students planned to include at least 25% of minority groups as their patients, more diverse dental students’ recruitment, provided context for developing more culturally competent providers URM students noted difficulties such as financial barriers, high education debts, location of dental schools far from their homes, high cost of urban living, perceptions that their dental school was unwelcome, and that schools lacked URM role models Increased extramural facilities and students’ rotations Curricular changes included community-based dental education courses with considerable changes in content, teaching and evaluation methods
Fricton J, et al.; 2009/ USA [84]	University of Minnesota	Original project (as a chapter in Dental Clinics of North America)	University of Minnesota Tele-dentistry Project using real-time video conferencing	Acceptance and satisfaction among patients and providers/Questionnaire	Increased acceptance and satisfaction among patients and providers
Skinner JC, et al; 2009/ Australia [54]	Charles Sturt University	Original research report	Charles Sturt University Dentistry program for rural students to study and practice dentistry in rural areas	Rural recruitment and retention of graduates/ Descriptive measurement	The project estimated up to 60% retention of the first cohort of 2014 graduates in the rural areas
Arevalo O, et al.; 2010/ USA [91]	University of Kentucky	Original research (cost analysis)	Dental Outreach Programs Kentucky: four mobile dental clinics for elementary school children and Head Start children in several rural counties	Financial feasibility of mobile dental units/ Financial analysis	Financially, mobile units were good option for accessing rural underserved population Ongoing program Conducted many successful outreach activities with improved oral health of children
McFarland KK, et al.; 2010/ USA [49]	University of Nebraska	Original research (retrospective study)	Analysis of dental students’ attitudes from 1989 to 2008 about rural practice	Pattern of dental students working in rural practice after graduation/ Descriptive measurement	More non-residents than residents and more women than men, who remained in the state after graduation, were located to practices in rural communities