Table 2.

Adjusted Odds of Physician Assistant or Nurse Practitioner Involvement in Adult Visits for Depression in the USA0, 2005–2011

	Dependent variable (ref.=No PA/NP (Physician only))
	PA/NP only (No physician)		Combined care (PA/NP and physician)
Independent variables	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
Predisposing factors
Patient age
18–24	1.04	(0.68 – 1.58)	0.77	(0.44 – 1.33)
25–44	1.00		1.00
45–64	0.75*	(0.60 – 0.94)	1.15	(0.94 – 1.41)
65+	0.54*	(0.40 – 0.73)	1.55*	(1.12 – 2.14)
Patient sex
Male	1.00		1.00
Female	1.15	(0.89 – 1.48)	0.86	(0.70 – 1.05)
Patient race/ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic	1.00		1.00
Black, non-Hispanic	0.56*	(0.38 – 0.84)	1.58*	(1.16 – 2.14)
Hispanic	0.91	(0.48 – 1.74)	1.38	(0.81 – 2.36)
Other, non-Hispanic	0.50*	(0.30 – 0.83)	1.27	(0.48 – 3.37)
Geographic region
Northeast	1.00		1.00
Midwest	0.83	(0.44 – 1.55)	0.75	(0.39 – 1.44)
South	0.86	(0.45 – 1.67)	1.30	(0.61 – 2.74)
West	0.63	(0.31 – 1.31)	0.52	(0.23 – 1.15)
Urbanicity (MSA)
Non-MSA	1.00		1.00
MSA	1.76*	(1.14 – 2.74)	0.56	(0.27 – 1.16)
Enabling factors
Insurance Status
Private	1.00		1.00
Public	1.26*	(1.05 – 1.52)	0.82	(0.63 – 1.07)
Uninsured	1.15	(0.86 – 1.54)	0.61*	(0.39 – 0.97)
Need factors
Number of chronic conditions
0	1.00		1.00
1	0.97	(0.72 – 1.32)	1.34*	(1.02 – 1.75)
2+	0.84	(0.46 – 1.52)	1.28	(0.73 – 2.24)
Major reason for visit
New problem	1.00		1.00
Chronic, routine or flare-up	0.58*	(0.45 – 0.75)	0.84	(0.69 – 1.03)
Pre/post surgery or
Preventive care	0.62*	(0.45 – 0.85)	1.50	(0.96 – 2.35)
Setting type
NAMCS	1.00		1.00
OPD	13.84*	(8.29 – 23.12)	1.12	(0.75 – 1.67)

^*p<0.05

PA=Physician Assistant; NP=Nurse Practitioner; MSA=Metropolitan Statistical Area;

NAMCS=National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey; OPD=National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey Outpatient Departments