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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Biotechnol. 2019 Apr 1;37(5):527–530. doi: 10.1038/s41587-019-0070-x

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Pichia-secreted mVHH-IgA prevents F4-ETEC infection in piglets. Pichia-secreted mVHH-IgAs were produced in a simple integrated fashion as food ingredient and formulated in feed (a) to evaluate efficacy alongside feed admixed milled soybean or Arabidopsis seeds producing mVHH-IgA in an F4-ETEC piglet challenge experiment (b). Swift clearance and low shedding of F4-ETEC in groups fed with Pichia, soybean- and Arabidopsis-produced mVHH-IgA demonstrated protection (c), corroborated with low anti-F4-ETEC titers of serum IgG (d) and IgA (e). The line graphs depict group mean and error bars represent standard error of the mean. Statistical significance (p values) of changes in feed effects over time compared with negative control were assessed by an approximate F-test following a repeated measurements analysis using the residual maximum likelihood.