Table 1.
Literature included in the narrative review and summary
| Reference | Study Type (LOE) | Sample Size | Diagnosis | Follow-up |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Courtney et al. [32] (2015) |
|
22 | FBSS/radiculopathy/CRPS | Tonic at baseline, then burst for 7 and 14 d |
| De Ridder et al. [19] (2010) |
|
12 | Radiculopathy | On the table—1 h each |
| De Ridder et al. [24] (2013) |
|
15 | FBSS/neuropathy | 1 wk each |
| De Ridder et al. [33] (2015) |
|
102 | FBSS/PDN | 2 wk each |
| De Ridder et al. [34] (2015) |
|
49 | FBSS/PDN | 2 wk each |
| De Vos et al. [35] (2015) |
|
48 | FBSS/PDN/PR | 2 wk |
| Deer et al. [25] (2018) |
|
96 | FBSS/neuropathy/PR | 24 wk and 12 mo (12 mo used for pain) |
| Kinfe et al. [36] (2016) |
|
16 | FBSS | 3 mo |
| Kinfe et al. [37] (2017) |
|
12 | FBSS | 2 y |
| Kriek et al. [38] (2017) |
|
29 | CRPS | 2 wk each of burst, tonic (3 options), and placebo |
| Muhammad et al. [39] (2018) |
|
12 | FBSS | 15 mo (average 12–19) |
| Schu et al. [40] (2014) |
|
20 | FBSS | 2 wk each |
| Tjepkema-Cloostermans et al. [41] (2016) | RCT | 40 | FBSS/PR/neuropathy | 2 wk each |
| Bara et al. [42] (2013) |
|
29 | FBSS | 12 mo median |
| Colini-Baldeschi et al. [28] (2016) |
|
61 | Chronic low back and leg pain | 3, 6, 12 mo |
| Espinet et al. [43] (2014) |
|
22 | N/A | Tonic at baseline, then burst for 14 d |
| Kretzschmar et al. [44] (2017) | Retrospective cohort | 100 | N/A | 1 y |
| Kriek et al. [45] (2015) |
|
1 | CRPS | 2 y |
| Rasekhi et al. [46] (2018) |
|
1 | Neuropathy | N/A |
| Wahlstedt et al. [29] (2017) |
|
8 | Upper extremity pain | 4 mo |
CRPS = complex regional pain syndrome; PDN = painful diabetic neuropathy; FBSS = failed back surgery syndrome; LOE = level of evidence; PR = poor responder; RCT = randomized controlled trial.