Shopsin 1975.

Methods	Study design: parallel, randomised controlled study
Participants	Diagnosis: manic illness Method of diagnosis: not described Age: not described Sex: women; men. but no figures provided Location: Psychiatric Hospital of New York, Bellevue Medical Centre` Co‐morbidities: not described Adjunctive therapy: not described Adjunctive medication: not described
Interventions	Participants were randomly assigned to either: Experimental arm ‐ lithium N = 10 Duration: 21 days Treatment protocol: not described Therapist/face‐to‐face contact: not described Comparator arm ‐ chlorpromazine N = 10 Duration: 21 days Treatment protocol: not described Therapist/face‐to‐face contact: not described Comparator arm ‐ haloperidol N = 10 Duration: 21 days Treatment protocol: not described
Outcomes	Primary outcome: Clinical global comparison Secondary outcome: CGI BPRS SCI NOSIE
Notes	Funding source: "This investigation was supported in part by Public Health Service… MH17436 and MH04669"
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	"random"
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Not described
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	"All personnel involved in patient ratings were unaware of the lithium… levels, these being only known to the laboratory staff… psychiatrist assigning treatment."
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	No attrition
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	Well reported
Other bias	Unclear risk	Poorly described methodology so cannot rule out other biases