Table 1.

Intervention study details

Author [ref]	Study design	Outcome and target	Provider sample	RA patients (n)	Intervention	Comparison group	Post-evaluation
Interventions targeting providers
Ledwich et al. [21]	Pre-post quasi experimental intervention design	Vaccination rates (patient) and Documentation of prescription (provider)	Health care providers; physician, fellow, resident, or nurse practitioner (n not reported)	758	Electronic Health record (EHR) best practice alert (BPA)	None	Did not report
Desai et al. [22]	Cluster, Controlled trial; Quality improvement intervention strategy	Vaccination rates (number of patients up to date) (patient)	Rheumatologists (n = 14)	3717	Point-of-care paper reminder forms	21 Rheumatologists	Assessed monthly (for a median of 16 months)
Interventions targeting providers and patients
Baker et al. [23]	Quasi-experimental: Pre-post system-level intervention for quality improvement	Vaccination rates (patient)	Rheumatologists and primary care physician (n = 8)	1255	Reminders to prescribe vaccination, performance feedback to physicians and letters to patients	None	Assessed monthly for 12 months
Sheth et al. [24]	Pre-post quasi-experimental quality improvement intervention design	Vaccination rates (patient) and documentation rate (provider)	Physicians and staff (n not reported)	1554	Real-time electronic medical record (EMR) based alert system (BPA), coupled with patients and staff education and physician feedback and interval assessment	None	Did not report
Broderick et al. [25]	Quasi-experimental, Pre-post multimodal intervention	Decrease frequency of any missed opportunities for vaccination and vaccine attitude (0–100) (provider)	Rheumatologists (n not reported)	197	Multimodal intervention using education session, EMR-based alerts and personalised e-mail reminders for patient	None	Assessed each 3 months for 12 months
Author [ref]	Pre-intervention measures (HCPs)		Post-intervention measures (HCPs)		Pre-intervention measures (patients)	Post- intervention measures (patients)
Interventions targeting providers
Ledwich et al. [21]	NA		NA		Influenza vaccination rates: 47%; Influenza documentation: 47%; Pneumococcal vaccination rates: 19%; Pneumococcal documentation: 19%	Influenza vaccination rates: 65%; Influenza documentation: 67%; Pneumococcal vaccination rates: 41%; Pneumococcal documentation: 45%
Desai et al. [22]	NA		NA		Intervention group rates of patients who were up-to-date for pneumococcal: 67.6%; Control group rate: 52.3%	Intervention group rates of patients who were up-to-date for pneumococcal: 80% (p < 0.006); Control group rate: 52.0% / (pre-post: p = 0.941)
Interventions targeting providers and patients
Baker et al. [23]	Not reported		Action ratea: first 2 months = 45–57%; months 3 to 5 = low of 38%; months 6–12 = 42–58%		Influenza: Ever received (90.2%); in previous season (79.4%); Pneumococcal: Ever received (28.7%); Herpes Zoster: Ever received (2.5%)	Influenza: Ever received (86.1%), in previous season (78.2%); Pneumococcal: Ever received (45.8%); Herpes Zoster: Ever received (4.5%)
Sheth et al. [24]	Not reported		“Among 1002 patients for whom the BPA appeared, 581 (58%) resulted in either a vaccination (252; 43% vaccinated, 21; 4% vaccine prescribed) or documentation of reasons the vaccine was not prescribed (308; 53%)”		Herpes Zoster vaccination rates: 10.1%; vaccines documentation rates: 28%	Herpes Zoster vaccination rates: 51.7% (p < 0.0001).; vaccines documentation rates: 72.9% (p < 0.0001).
Broderick et al. [25]	NA		NA		Frequency of any missed influenza vaccination: 47%; vaccination attitude: 50 ± 9	Frequency of any missed influenza vaccination: 23% (p < 0.001); vaccination attitude: 51 ± 9

^aThe proportion of patients who were seen by their rheumatologist who had: a vaccination given, a historical vaccination documented, or a documented medical or patient reason for not giving a vaccination