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. 2019 May 31;9:8134. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-44631-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Histological analysis of lipopolysaccharide-induced bladder injuries. (a) Masson’s trichrome staining (magnification × 100, scale bar = 100 μm), (b) phosphorylated Smad2 protein (green) staining (magnification × 400), (c) cytokeratin immunostaining (magnification × 40, scale bar = 100 μm), toluidine blue staining (magnification × 100, scale bar = 100 μm), and TUNEL staining (magnification × 400, scale bar = 100 μm) of bladder tissues of lipopolysaccharide-induced interstitial cystitis (LPS) rats 1 week after phosphate-buffered saline injection. Arrows indicate infiltrated mast cells or apoptotic cells. Sham, sham operated. Quantitative data of each staining are presented on the right side of the indicated representative pictures. Data were normalized to the sham group (n = 15). Data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 compared with the LPS group with Bonferroni post-test.