Table 3.
Results of the regression analyses
| Variables | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | OR | OR | OLS | OLS | OLS | OLS | OLS | OLS | |
| Being a caregiver HU |
Being a caregiver PL |
Being a caregiver SI |
Care time HU |
Care time PL |
Care time SI |
CarerQol score HU |
CarerQol score PL |
CarerQol score SI |
|
| Caregivers’ characteristics | |||||||||
|
Woman (base: man) |
1.689** (1.009–2.828) |
0.863 (0.594–1.254) |
0.952 (0.578–1.568) |
6.822 (1.312) |
9.939 (1.557) |
17.90** (2.040) |
4.366* (1.836) |
0.222 (0.0796) |
− 0.165 (− 0.0356) |
| Age |
1.012 (0.991–1.032) |
1.000 (0.987–1.012) |
1.011 (0.991–1.031) |
− 0.321 (− 1.282) |
− 0.123 (− 0.399) |
− 0.244 (− 0.588) |
0.0264 (0.199) |
0.147 (1.146) |
0.347 (1.591) |
|
Education: primary (base: secondary) |
1.035 (0.564–1.897) |
0.649 (0.306–1.379) |
0.545 (0.215–1.383) |
2.562 (0.365) |
− 13.67 (− 1.062) |
0.975 (0.0326) |
3.593 (1.197) |
− 7.633* (− 1.806) |
− 11.29 (− 1.169) |
|
Education: tertiary (base: secondary |
1.404 (0.832–2.370) |
1.937*** (1.269–2.957) |
0.971 (0.556–1.698) |
− 0.925 (− 0.117) |
− 5.510 (− 0.793) |
− 6.970 (− 0.685) |
0.402 (0.127) |
− 1.988 (− 0.618) |
2.023 (0.424) |
|
Working (base: no paid job) |
1.049 (0.574–1.917) |
0.908 (0.600–1.375) |
0.773 (0.440–1.358) |
− 13.01* (− 1.975) |
4.240 (0.531) |
− 20.04*** (− 2.672) |
0.349 (0.0945) |
0.754 (0.278) |
− 2.341 (− 0.492) |
|
Living in a village (base: living in a town) |
0.784 (0.430–1.430) |
0.904 (0.559–1.464) |
1.430 (0.835–2.451) |
− 8.329 (− 1.232) |
5.260 (0.534) |
− 16.19 (− 1.274) |
− 3.005 (− 0.920) |
− 2.010 (− 0.492) |
3.703 (0.711) |
|
Living in the capital (base: living in a town) |
0.721 (0.367–1.417) |
0.719 (0.378–1.371) |
0.863 (0.406–1.836) |
11.59 (1.022) |
0.785 (0.0826) |
− 17.04 (− 1.265) |
− 2.786 (− 0.894) |
− 1.952 (− 0.293) |
− 9.691 (− 1.247) |
|
Married/partner (base: not married) |
1.052 (0.624–1.772) |
0.874 (0.589–1.297) |
1.501 (0.843–2.671) |
− 0.0798 (− 0.00857) |
12.70* (1.938) |
7.947 (0.843) |
1.802 (0.542) |
0.700 (0.205) |
0.0541 (0.0128) |
| HH size | 0.959 | 1.016 | 1.023 | − 2.615 | − 2.776** | − 0.139 | 2.364* | 1.171** | − 0.992 |
| (0.822–1.120) | (0.969–1.066) | (0.892–1.173) | (− 0.890) | (− 2.347) | (− 0.0383) | (1.938) | (2.117) | (− 0.646) | |
| HH income per capita |
1.000 (0.999–1.001) |
1.000 (0.999–1.001) |
1.000 (0.999–1.000) |
− 0.0248 (− 1.648) |
− 0.00573 (− 0.316) |
− 0.0304** (− 2.232) |
0.0121 (1.414) |
0.0235*** (2.945) |
0.00147 (0.172) |
| EQ-5D-5L index score |
1.128 (0.265–4.811) |
0.291*** (0.130–0.655) |
0.226** (0.0708–0.721) |
16.58 (1.021) |
12.83 (0.705) |
30.12 (1.188) |
44.05*** (5.551) |
17.28** (2.141) |
34.72** (2.192) |
| Care recipients’ characteristics | |||||||||
|
Mainly mental health problems (base: only physical) |
2.242 (0.290) |
− 16.67* (− 1.831) |
18.65 (1.653) |
− 13.78*** (− 3.657) |
− 14.67*** (− 3.024) |
0.377 (0.0633) |
|||
|
Mental and physical health problems (base: only physical) |
2.732 (0.372) |
− 1.193 (− 0.113) |
16.56* (1.960) |
− 7.752** (− 2.597) |
− 7.715* (− 1.950) |
1.805 (0.341) |
|||
| EQ-5D-5L Proxy index score of care recipient |
− 24.04* (− 1.880) |
− 15.44 (− 1.076) |
0.419 (0.0201) |
8.965 (1.395) |
3.465 (0.634) |
12.96 (1.217) |
|||
|
Health state is definitive: no (base: definitive) |
− 8.444 | 1.590 | − 8.218 | 7.246* | 3.080 | − 3.597 | |||
| (− 0.910) | (0.173) | (− 0.805) | (1.903) | (0.771) | (− 0.581) | ||||
|
Health state is definitive: do not know (base: definitive) |
15.16 (1.046) |
− 6.711 (− 0.760) |
5.908 (0.483) |
− 2.351 (− 0.529) |
3.241 (0.860) |
− 0.883 (− 0.133) |
|||
| Caregiving situations’ characteristics | |||||||||
|
Duration: since 6–12 months (base: < 6 months) |
1.793 (0.177) |
2.509 (0.333) |
30.36 (1.386) |
15.18*** (3.313) |
− 0.249 (− 0.0452) |
− 5.371 (− 0.438) |
|||
|
Duration: more than 12 months (base: < 6 months) |
6.972 (0.762) |
20.54** (2.482) |
26.35 (1.389) |
12.39*** (3.469) |
− 0.0394 (− 0.00868) |
− 1.532 (− 0.275) |
|||
|
Caregiver’s partner (base: other family member) |
4.863 (0.353) |
10.75 (0.463) |
− 11.29 (− 0.790) |
− 2.188 (− 0.429) |
− 0.387 (− 0.0611) |
− 2.773 (− 0.361) |
|||
|
Caregiver’s parent (base: other family member) |
0.287 (0.0377) |
− 2.009 (− 0.244) |
− 4.909 (− 0.417) |
3.451 (1.103) |
− 2.939 (− 0.792) |
1.307 (0.295) |
|||
|
Caregiver’s child (base: other family member) |
− 7.872 (− 0.493) |
11.91 (0.901) |
13.95 (0.646) |
13.49*** (2.964) |
− 4.725 (− 0.891) |
− 16.23* (− 1.810) |
|||
|
Caregiver’s friend/neighbour (base: other family member) |
− 1.997 (− 0.257) |
28.49* (1.706) |
− 31.57 (− 0.966) |
6.526 (1.289) |
− 0.994 (− 0.186) |
− 3.237 (− 0.297) |
|||
|
Living in the same HH (base: different HH) |
34.22*** (2.660) |
22.14*** (3.299) |
30.95** (2.402) |
− 8.936** (− 2.112) |
2.173 (0.659) |
1.977 (0.281) |
|||
| Care time (hours/week) |
0.0605* (1.909) |
0.00250 (0.0610) |
0.0469 (0.823) |
||||||
| Constant |
0.0363*** (0.00622–0.212) |
0.734 (0.212–2.537) |
0.266 (0.0359–1.968) |
36.48 (1.289) |
− 0.0590 (− 0.00253) |
− 15.85 (− 0.375) |
4.385 (0.252) |
38.33*** (3.553) |
24.14 (1.217) |
| Observations | 842 | 914 | 872 | 134 | 144 | 81 | 134 | 144 | 81 |
| R-squared | 0.378 | 0.307 | 0.447 | 0.640 | 0.293 | 0.388 | |||
| F > test | 2.375 | 2.362 | 2.652 | 17.18 | 2.616 | 3.672 | |||
Columns 1–3: robust 95% confidence intervals are in parentheses; columns: 4–9: robust standard errors are in parentheses. The number of observations in the OLS regression is lower than the number of caregivers in each country due to missing values for the income question
HH household
***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1