Table 4.
Determinants of current and expected health for future ages
| Predictor variables | Dependent variable: EQ-5D-5L index | Dependent variable: expected EQ-5D-5L index at age 60 | Dependent variable: expected EQ-5D-5L index at age 70 | Dependent variable: expected EQ-5D-5L index at age 80 | Dependent variable: expected EQ-5D-5L index at age 90 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| R2 0.760 | R2 0.881 | R2 0.735 | R2 0.730 | R2 0.640 | ||||||
| Unstandardized coefficients B | Standardized coefficients Beta | Unstandardized coefficients B | Standardized coefficients Beta | Unstandardized coefficients B | Standardized coefficients Beta | Unstandardized coefficients B | Standardized coefficients Beta | Unstandardized coefficients B | Standardized coefficients Beta | |
| (Constant) | 0.465*(0) | … | 0.388*(0) | … | − 0.795*(0) | … | − 0.664(0) | … | − 1.771***(0) | … |
| EQ-5D-5L index | … | … | 1.187***(1) | 0.922 | 0.870***(1) | 0.548 | 0.326(1) | 0.194 | … | … |
| EQ VAS | 0.003**(6) | 0.292 | … | … | … | … | 0.004**(5) | 0.237 | 0.004(1) | 0.219 |
| Activity limitation (GALI) | 0.085**(4) | 0.233 | … | … | 0.214**(7) | 0.355 | 0.153**(9) | 0.248 | 0.310***(5) | 0.488 |
| Self-perceived health | − 0.062*(1) | − 0.244 | … | … | … | … | … | … | 0.088(16) | 0.201 |
| Chronic morbidity | … | … | … | … | − 0.262(6) | − 0.133 | … | … | … | … |
| Current happiness | 0.015*(8) | 0.159 | … | … | − 0.029(12) | − 0.188 | … | … | … | … |
| Age | 0.002(2) | 0.126 | − 0.008**(4) | − 0.214 | … | … | … | … | … | … |
| Gender | … | … | − 0.539***(2) | − 0.656 | − 0.096(3) | − 0.118 | − 0.189***(2) | − 0.242 | − 0.119(4) | − 0.148 |
| Educational level | − 0.015(13) | − 0.093 | … | … | 0.091***(2) | 0.307 | 0.052**(3) | 0.189 | 0.073**(2) | 0.254 |
| Subjective life expectancy | 0.003***(3) | 0.229 | … | … | 0.002(13) | 0.112 | 0.005**(4) | 0.200 | 0.010***(3) | 0.380 |
| Kins’ age at death | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … |
| Body Mass Index category | − 0.047**(5) | − 0.183 | … | … | − 0.201***(5) | − 0.467 | − 0.137***(10) | − 0.321 | − 0.078(12) | − 0.178 |
| Informal care received (h/week) | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | − 0.003(15) | − 0.147 |
| Informal caregiver | … | … | 0.320***(3) | 0.399 | … | … | … | … | − 0.084(17) | − 0.103 |
| Marital status: single | − 0.082(7) | − 0.118 | … | … | … | … | … | … | − 0.173(10) | − 0.144 |
| Marital status: divorced | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … |
| Marital status: widow | − 0.055(14) | − 0.093 | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … |
| Marital status: has a partner | − 0.070(15) | − 0.081 | … | … | … | … | − 0.165(15) | − 0.115 | … | … |
| Other marital status | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … |
| Net household monthly income | … | … | … | … | − 0.034(8) | − 0.198 | … | … | … | … |
| Self-perceived healthy lifestyle | … | … | … | … | 0.176*(11) | 0.267 | 0.113*(12) | 0.188 | 0.113(13) | 0.182 |
| Smoking status | − 0.013(16) | − 0.065 | … | … | 0.137***(4) | 0.415 | 0.061*(11) | 0.185 | 0.061(9) | 0.178 |
| Sport activities | − 0.024(10) | − 0.052 | … | … | … | … | − 0.074(7) | − 0.094 | − 0.115(8) | − 0.142 |
| Alcohol consumption | − 0.007(11) | − 0.069 | … | … | … | … | − 0.015(6) | − 0.091 | 0.016(18) | 0.092 |
| Employment status: works part-time | 0.143(12) | 0.077 | … | … | … | … | 0.319(13) | 0.103 | … | … |
| Employment status: retired | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | − 0.196(14) | − 0.242 |
| Employment status: disability pensioner | … | … | … | … | … | … | − 0.073(8) | − 0.076 | − 0.269*(7) | − 0.271 |
| Employment status: student | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … |
| Employment status: unemployed (seeking job) | − 0.158(9) | − 0.120 | 0.466**(5) | 0.237 | − 0.182(9) | − 0.092 | … | … | 0.431(6) | 0.188 |
| Employment status: unemployed (not seeking job) | … | … | … | … | 0.601*(10) | 0.217 | 0.386(14) | 0.124 | … | … |
| Employment status: housewife/husband | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … |
| Other employment status | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | 0.205(11) | 0.109 |
Significance level (p value): *between 0.1 and 0.05; **between 0.05 and 0.01; *** < 0.01; No*: p value > 0.1
(#)Stepwise entry number
Explanatory variables indicated as ‘…’ in the table were not involved into the model by the regression model specification. For dummies (marital and employment status): the first category (marital status: married; employment status: works in a full-time job) was used as reference. Maximum points of corrected R2 define the actual list of predictors
Coding: GALI: 1—severely limited, 2—limited but not severely, and 3—not limited; gender: 0—female and 1—male; educational level: 1—no primary education, …, 10—university; chronic morbidity: 1—yes and 2—no; Kins’ age at death: 1—55–64 years, 2—65–74, 3—75–84, 4—85–94, 5—95 years, or over; body mass index category: 1—underweight, 2—normal, 3—overweight, and 4—obese; self-perceived health: 1—very good, 2—good, 3—fair, 4—bad, and 5—very bad; informal caregiver experience: 1—yes, currently, 2—yes in the past but not currently, and 3—no; net household monthly income: 1—0–159 EUR/month, …, 11—1593 EUR/month or over; self-perceived healthy lifestyle: 1—healthier than others, 2—comparable to others, and 3—less healthy than others; smoking status: 1—current smoker, 2—quitted smoking within a year, 3—quitted smoking more than a year ago, and 4—never smoked; alcohol consumption: 1: every day or nearly every day, …, 9: never only a few times in my life; dummy: 1—yes, 2—no