FIG 1.

Gut microbiota participated in the pathogenesis of ANP. (A) Histological analysis of the pancreas and ileum (H&E, ×200). (B) IL-17A, TNF-α, and IL-1β levels in the plasma as determined by ELISA. (C) IL-17A, TNF-α, and IL-1β expression in the ileum as determined by Western blotting. (D) DAO, d-lactate, and endotoxin levels in the plasma. (E) ZO-1, claudin 1, and occludin expression in the ileum as determined by Western blotting. (F and G) Gut bacterial translocation to the intestinal epithelia (F) and pancreas (G) as determined by FISH using a universal bacterial probe (red represents bacteria, and blue represents nuclei). (H) Bacterial DNA detection in peripheral blood as determined by qPCR with universal primers. n = 10 per group. Three independent experiments were performed. Data were analyzed by using one-way ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni’s posttest. *, P < 0.05 versus SO group; #, P < 0.05 versus ABX group; +, P < 0.05 versus ANP group. SO, sham operated.