Figure 2.

Moments produced by model forces demonstrate important structures for stabilization. Moments over the impact period from force elements in the simulation are presented (positive moments are moments in sagittal extension or lateral flexion to the non-dominant side). We show samples from a sagittal extension and coronal lateral flexion simulation with relaxed neck muscle activations. (a) Moments from external load, gravity, aggregated active muscle, passive muscle and ligaments are shown first to demonstrate how moments from each group change with time. Moments from (b) active muscle component and (c) passive muscle component show that the SCM produces large negative moments resisting impact motion in both directions. Moments from (d) ligaments show that AF fibres and capsular ligaments dominate in sagittal extension and coronal lateral flexion, respectively. (Online version in colour.)