Table 5.
Studies of SV40 seroprevalence in humans using archival sera
| Study reference | Country | Serum donor groupa | Dates of serum collection | Type of antibody assayb | No. SV40 positive/no. tested (%) | Positive donors born after 1963 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Morris et al. (1961)40 | USA, Maryland | Volunteers given RSV + SV40 by respiratory route | Approx. 1960 | Neut-SV40 CPE | 22/35 (62.8) | NA |
| Horvath (1972)41 | Hungary | Contact with monkeys or monkey kidney cells | 1969 | Neut-SV40 CPE | 15/37 (40.5) | NA |
| Shah et al. (1972)48 | USA, Maryland | Children | 1969 | Neut-SV40 CPE | ||
| (a) Born 1955–57 | (a) 28/141 (19.8) | + | ||||
| (b) Born 1964–68 | (b) 9/278 (9) | + | ||||
| Zimmerman et al. (1983)49 | Germany | (a) Lab workers with contact with SV40 | NR | ELISA (SV40 virions) | (a) 6/11 (54.5) | + |
| (b) Cancer patients | (b) 42/143 (29.4) | + | ||||
| Jafar et al. (1998)31 | USA, Texas | Patients at VAMC hospital | 1990–95 | Neut-PR | ||
| (a) HIV-positive | (a) 38/236 (16.1) | + | ||||
| (b) HIV-negative | (b) 21/180 (11.7) | + | ||||
| Butel et al. (1999)18 | USA, Texas | Patients at children’s hospital | 1995 | Neut-PR | 20/337 (5.9) | + |
| Butel et al. (2003)33 | Hungary, Czech Republic | (a) Samples sent to State Public Health Service (Pecs) | 1995 | Neut-PR | (a) 17/589 (2.9) | + |
| (b) Surveillance program by State Institute of Health (Prague) | 1985 | Neut-PR | (b) 7/350 (2.0) | + | ||
| Rollison et al. (2003)50 | USA, Maryland | Study of brain tumors | 1974,1989 | Neut-PR | 15/132 (11.4) | NR |
| Minor et al. (2003)19 | United Kingdom, Poland | Blood donors (UK) | (a) 1985 | Neut-SV40 CPE | (a) 34/800 (4.5) | NR |
| (b) 1989–94 | (b) 47/1000 (4.7) | + | ||||
| Healthy people (Poland) | (c) 1992–97 | (c) 26/923 (2.8) | NR | |||
| Knowles et al. (2003)51 | England | Serological surveillance (Public Health Laboratory Service) | 1991 | Neut-SV40 CPE | 79/2435 (3.2) | + |
| Carter et al. (2003)43 | USA, Washington | Cancers + controls | 1987–99 | ELISA (VLPs) | 0/699 (0) | 0 |
| Engels et al. (2004)52 | USA | Collaborative Perinatal Project-Mothers | 1959–66 | (a) EIA (VLPs) | (a) 82/500 (16.4) | NA |
| (b) Neut-PR | (b) 99/495 (20) | |||||
| Engels et al. (2004)42 | USA | Zoo workers | 1997 | EIA (VLPs) | NR | |
| (a) Primate contacts | (a) 25/109 (23) | |||||
| (b) Other workers | (b) 15/145 (10) | |||||
| Engels et al. (2004)53 | USA | NCI Seer Study (cancer + controls) | 1998–2000 | EIA (VLPs) | 117/1346 (8.7) | + |
| Nurgalieva et al. (2005)32 | Kazakhstan | Healthy volunteers | 1999 | Neut-PR | ||
| (a) Kazakhs | (a) 7/154 (4.5) | + | ||||
| (b) Russians | (b) 8/153 (5.2) | + | ||||
| Rollison et al. (2005)54 | USA, Maryland | Serum bank (cancer + controls) | 1974 | ELISA (VLPs) | 11/510 (2.2) | NA |
| Lundstig et al. (2005)46 | Sweden, Finland | (a) Children | NR | EIA (VLPs) | (a) 22/288 (7.6) | NR |
| (b) Pregnant women | NR | (b) 16/141 (7.1) | NR | |||
| Kean et al. (2009)20 | USA, Colorado | (a) Blood donors | 2007 | ELISA, soluble VP1 capsid proteins | (a) 32/1501 (2.1) | + |
| (b) Children’s hospital | (b) 16/721 (2.2) | + | ||||
| Corallini et al. (2012)44 | Italy | Healthy blood donors (ages 18–65) | 2005–10 | ELISA (VP mimo) | 154/855 (18) | + |
| Mazzoni et al. (2012)55 | Italy | (a) Mesothelioma patients | 2006–12 | ELISA (VP mimo) | (a) 25/97 (25.8) | NR |
| (b) Asbestos exposure | (b) 8/90 (8.9) | |||||
| (c) Healthy blood donors | (c) 49/299 (16.4) | |||||
| (d) Pregnant women | (d) 12/94 (12.8) | |||||
| Wong et al. (2013)17 | USA, Texas | Patients at public hospital | ||||
| (a) Pregnant, White + African American | 1972–73 | Neut-PR | (a)15/212 (7.0) | NA | ||
| (b) Not pregnant, White + African American | 1993–95 | Neut-PR | (b) 16/299 (5.4) | + | ||
| (c) Not pregnant, Hispanic | 1993–95 | Neut-PR | (c) 23/101 (23) | + | ||
| Taronna et al. (2013)56 | Italy | Healthy children (ages ≤17) | 2009–12 | ELISA (VP mimo) | 54/328 (16.5) | + |
| Comar et al. (2014)57 | Italy | Healthy pregnant women | 2004–05 | (a) Neut-PR | (a) 13/123 (10.6) | + |
| 2006–11 | (b) ELISA (VP mimo) | (b) 14/110 (12.7) | + | |||
| Mazzoni et al. (2014)58 | Italy | (a) Glioblastoma patients | NR | ELISA (VP mimo) | (a) 15/44 (34) | NR |
| (b) Healthy controls | (b) 15/101 (15) | |||||
| (c) Breast cancer patients | (c) 12/78 (15) | |||||
| Tognon et al. (2015)59 | Italy | (a) Non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients | NR | ELISA (VP mimo) | (a) 62/150 (41) | NR |
| (b) Matched controls | (b) 33/213 (15) | |||||
| Mazzoni et al. (2015)60 | Italy | (a) Osteosarcoma patients | 2006–13 | ELISA (VP mimo) | (a) 24/55 (44) | + |
| (b) Matched controls | (b) 20/114 (17) | + | ||||
| Tognon et al. (2016)45 | Italy | Healthy subjects | 2014 | ELISA (SV40 Tag mimo) | 138/704 (20) | + |
| Mazzoni et al. (2017)61 | Italy | Healthy elderly (ages 66100) | 2014–15 | ELISA (SV40 Tag mimo) | 60/273 (22) | NR |
| Mazzoni et al. (2017)62 | Italy | (a) Pregnant women (ages 15–48) | NR | ELISA (SV40 Tag mimo) | (a) 23/134 (17) | NR |
| (b) Nonpregnant (ages 18–40) | (b) 36/180 (20) | |||||
| Mazzoni et al. (2018)63 | Italy | (a) Osteosarcoma patients (mean, 21) | 2002–12 | ELISA (SV40 Tag mimo) | (a) 87/249 (35) | + |
| (b) Healthy controls (mean, 21) | (b) 56/247 (23) | + | ||||
| This study | Colombia | (a) Cancer patients + matched controls | 1968 | Neut-PR | (a) 19/140 (13.6) | NA |
| (b) General population | 1968 | (b) 77/320 (24.1) | + | |||
| (c) Sex workers | 1970 | (c) 22/57 (38.6) | + | |||
| This study | Nicaragua | Endoscopy patients at hospital | 2010 | Neut-PR | 19/149 (12.8) | + |
a
Abbeviations: RSV = respiratory syncytial virus; VAMC = Veterans Affairs Medical Center; NCI = National Cancer Institute; NA = not available; NR = not reported.
b
Type of assay: Neut-SV40 CPE = neutralization of development of SV40 cytopathic effect (CPE); Neut-PR = neutralization of SV40 plaque formation (plaque reduction); ELISA/EIA (VLPs) = enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay/enzyme immunoassay using SV40 virus-like particles (VLPs), competition assays sometimes included; ELISA (VP mimo) = ELISA based on peptides representing specific epitopes of SV40 virus particle (capsid) proteins (mimotopes); ELISA (T-ag mimo) = ELISA based on peptides representing specific epitopes of SV40 viral oncoprotein T-antigen (mimotopes).