Figure 3.

Loser effects at each day after losing initial fights in focal experimental males—white circles, are the populations where we selected for reduced duration of the loser effect (reduced loser effect duration: RLE). Black circles are the control populations (C) that were not subjected to selection on the duration of the loser effect. (a) is the proportion of focal males that lost subsequent fights, and (b) is the proportion of focal males attacked first by tester males (i.e. focal males that did not initiate attacks). There was neither an effect of selection regime nor replication, but there was a significant interaction between selection regime and day (selection × day, χ₄² = 30.26, p < 0.001).