Table 1.
General description of the study sample.
| Total | Gender |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 130 | Male n = 38 | Female n = 92 | |||
| Age (y) | 58.18 ± 17.10 | 57.95 ± 17.20 | 58.28 ± 17.20 | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.04 ± 4.40 | 27.73 ± 3.19 | 26.75 ± 4.80 | ||
| Sedentary (%) | 55.3 | 42.1 | 61.0∗ | ||
| Current smoker (%) | 12.3 | 15.8 | 10.9 | ||
| Energy intake (Kcal) | 1919.34 ± 552.4 | 2079.39 ± 652.48 | 1853.23 ± 494.4* | ||
| Total lipids (g/day)a | 80.04 ± 28.14 | 76.35 ± 30.47 | 81.56 ± 27.18 | ||
| PUFA | 14.03 ± 7.67 | 13.99 ± 8.20 | 14.05 ± 7.67 | ||
| MUFA | 32.73 ± 15.66 | 31.00 ± 19.18 | 33.45 ± 14.03 | ||
| SFA | 26.84 ± 10.12 | 25.16 ± 7.27 | 27.54 ± 11.11 | ||
| Total protein (g/day)a | 80.01 ± 26.71 | 84.43 ± 32.10 | 90.90 ± 24.31* | ||
| Animal protein | 59.52 ± 21.91 | 53. 36 ± 25.72 | 62.06 ± 20.22* | ||
| Vegetal protein | 27.18 ± 10.01 | 29.30 ± 12.38 | 26.31 ± 8.35* | ||
| Total carbohydrates (g/day)a | 200.22 ± 66.37 | 210.41 ± 76.70 | 196.01 ± 58.79* | ||
| Total fiber (g/day)a | 19.94 ± 7.56 | 19.89 ± 7.75 | 19.96 ± 7.45 | ||
| Soluble fiber | 2.57 ± 1.15 | 2.53 ± 1.27 | 2.58 ± 1.10 | ||
| Insoluble fiber | 12.85 ± 5.56 | 12.33 ± 5.81 | 13.06 ± 12.65 | ||
| Total dairy products (g/day)a | 388.23 ± 219.24 | 331.29 ± 208.87 | 411.75 ± 222.15 | ||
| Milk and non-fermentable dairies (g/day) | 255.37 ± 183.54 | 223.78 ± 176.60 | 268.42 ± 186. 20 | ||
| Fermented dairy products (g/day) | 129.46 ± 111.29 | 101.59 ± 110.70 | 140.98 ± 111.0 | ||
| Yogurt (g/day) | 96.46 ± 102.19 | 85.81 ± 103.35 | 100.86 ± 102.06 | ||
| Natural yogurt | 77.82 ± 102.38 | 69.74 ± 102.44 | 81.16 ± 102.78 | ||
| Sweetened yogurt | 18.64 ± 51.40 | 16.08 ± 43.02 | 19.70 ± 54.69 | ||
| Cheese (g/day) | 24.92 ± 35.56 | 13.92 ± 21.09 | 29.47 ± 39.79* | ||
| Matured/semi-matured cheese | 13.83 ± 22.29 | 11.83 ± 19.14 | 14.65 ± 26.57 | ||
| Fresh cheese | 11.16 ± 26.48 | 2.04 ± 12.23 | 14.93 ± 30.03* | ||
| Fermented milk (ml/day) | 8.08 ± 33.70 | 1.86 ± 16.22 | 10.65 ± 38.54 | ||
Results are presented as estimated marginal mean ± SD and percentage (%). aUnivariate analysis adjusted by total energy intake. PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids, SFA, saturated fatty acids. Variables included in natural yogurt: whole natural yogurt, skimmed natural yogurt and lactose-free natural yogurt. Variables included in sweetened yogurt: whole flavored yogurt, whole sweetened yogurt, whole yogurt with fruits, skimmed flavored yogurt, skimmed sweetened yogurt, skimmed yogurt with fruits and Greek yogurt. Variables included in matured/semi-matured cheese: blue cheese, matured/semi-matured cow cheese, matured/semi-matured goat cheese and processed cheese. Variables included in fresh cheese: fresh goat cheese and fresh cow cheese. Variables included in fermented milks: natural milk with Bifidobacterium, milk with Bifidobacterium and fruit, natural milk with Lactobacillus and milk with Bifidobacterium and sterols*p value ≤ 0.05. Bold characters indicate statistically significant differences (p < 0.05).