Table 3.
Least squares regressions of indicator of stunting of children aged 0–23 months.
| Ethiopia |
Ghana |
Kenya |
Liberia |
Namibia |
Niger |
Rwanda |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beta (SE) | Beta (SE) | Beta (SE) | Beta (SE) | Beta (SE) | Beta (SE) | Beta (SE) | |
| Mother had 1-3 skilled ANC visits | 0.007 | −0.058 | 0.070 | −0.023 | −0.171 | 0.013 | −0.167 |
| (0.015) | (0.045) | (0.029)** | (0.034) | (0.058)*** | (0.023) | (0.081)** | |
| Mother had 4+ skilled ANC visits | −0.056 | −0.040 | 0.059 | −0.003 | −0.262 | −0.029 | −0.190 |
| (0.019)*** | (0.042) | (0.030)** | (0.029) | (0.054)*** | (0.026) | (0.082)** | |
| Delivered by skilled birth attendant | −0.079 | −0.004 | −0.072 | −0.014 | 0.021 | 0.035 | −0.052 |
| (0.025)*** | (0.022) | (0.015)*** | (0.021) | (0.039) | (0.022) | (0.026)** | |
| Mother has any education | −0.014 | 0.043 | −0.024 | 0.040 | −0.080 | −0.001 | −0.019 |
| (0.016) | (0.023)* | (0.026) | (0.020)** | (0.045)* | (0.026) | (0.025) | |
| Father has any education | −0.020 | 0.005 | 0.020 | −0.066 | 0.101 | −0.044 | −0.041 |
| (0.014) | (0.026) | (0.028) | (0.022)*** | (0.039)** | (0.024)* | (0.024)* | |
| Wealth index in top 60% | −0.039 | −0.070 | −0.061 | −0.043 | −0.055 | −0.013 | −0.067 |
| (0.013)*** | (0.023)*** | (0.016)*** | (0.024)* | (0.039) | (0.020) | (0.020)*** | |
| Surface water not used for drinking | −0.004 | 0.065 | 0.003 | −0.034 | −0.156 | −0.111 | −0.040 |
| (0.015) | (0.028)** | (0.016) | (0.027) | (0.053)*** | (0.069) | (0.029) | |
| Any sanitation other than open defecation | −0.021 | 0.026 | 0.015 | −0.039 | −0.012 | −0.042 | −0.014 |
| (0.014) | (0.025) | (0.020) | (0.020)* | (0.039) | (0.026) | (0.058) | |
| Birth order | −0.001 | −0.004 | 0.012 | −0.000 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.006 |
| (0.004) | (0.006) | (0.005)*** | (0.006) | (0.010) | (0.006) | (0.007) | |
| Birth interval > 24 months | −0.022 | −0.033 | 0.001 | −0.017 | 0.050 | −0.021 | −0.025 |
| (0.019) | (0.030) | (0.018) | (0.030) | (0.043) | (0.024) | (0.026) | |
| Mother taller than 150 cm | −0.102 | −0.130 | −0.118 | −0.104 | −0.176 | −0.075 | −0.149 |
| (0.018)*** | (0.036)*** | (0.025)*** | (0.027)*** | (0.059)*** | (0.047) | (0.026)*** | |
| Mother's age at birth (in years) | −0.002 | 0.002 | −0.005 | −0.004 | 0.000 | −0.006 | −0.001 |
| (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002)*** | (0.002)* | (0.003) | (0.002)*** | (0.002) | |
| Have livestock | 0.001 | 0.024 | −0.017 | 0.057 | −0.006 | NA | −0.028 |
| (0.022) | (0.019) | (0.015) | (0.019)*** | (0.031) | NA | (0.018) | |
| Urban | −0.008 | −0.016 | −0.029 | −0.009 | −0.015 | −0.122 | −0.049 |
| (0.027) | (0.022) | (0.019) | (0.026) | (0.040) | (0.037)*** | (0.032) | |
| Age - 6–11 months | 0.115 | 0.042 | 0.053 | 0.045 | −0.011 | 0.059 | 0.059 |
| (0.017)*** | (0.023)* | (0.017)*** | (0.024)* | (0.035) | (0.025)** | (0.024)** | |
| Age - 12–17 months | 0.258 | 0.090 | 0.189 | 0.212 | 0.110 | 0.230 | 0.271 |
| (0.017)*** | (0.023)*** | (0.017)*** | (0.026)*** | (0.036)*** | (0.025)*** | (0.025)*** | |
| Age - 18–23 months | 0.407 | 0.227 | 0.245 | 0.307 | 0.219 | 0.395 | 0.347 |
| (0.018)*** | (0.024)*** | (0.018)*** | (0.026)*** | (0.037)*** | (0.027)*** | (0.025)*** | |
| Male | 0.073 | 0.040 | 0.079 | 0.051 | 0.078 | 0.072 | 0.100 |
| (0.012)*** | (0.016)** | (0.012)*** | (0.018)*** | (0.025)*** | (0.017)*** | (0.017)*** | |
| Wet season | NA | −0.011 | NA | −0.024 | NA | 0.036 | 0.065 |
| NA | (0.017) | NA | (0.037) | NA | (0.020)* | (0.068) | |
| Year = most recent | −0.059 | −0.064 | −0.074 | −0.029 | −0.149 | −0.139 | −0.008 |
| (0.014)*** | (0.017)*** | (0.013)*** | (0.036) | (0.030)*** | (0.022)*** | (0.018) | |
| Constant | 0.452 | 0.139 | 0.371 | 0.351 | 0.667 | 0.580 | 0.528 |
| (0.052)*** | (0.083)* | (0.056)*** | (0.067)*** | (0.123)*** | (0.123)*** | (0.143)*** | |
| R2 | 0.16 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.15 |
| N | 4993 | 1845 | 4795 | 2084 | 1015 | 2875 | 2603 |
SE = Robust standard errors; *p < 0.1; **p < 0.05; ***p < 0.01; NA = variable not available. Children aged 0–5 months is reference age category; Mother had 0 skilled ANC visits is reference category. Regressions include region indicators.