Table 1.
General Characteristics of studied groups.
| Characteristics | Cases (n = 50) | Controls (n = 50) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal general characterization | |||
| Maternal Age; in yearsa | |||
| Median (IQR) | 28 (20–35) | 28 (20–35) | 0.85 |
| Min-Max | 17–38 | 19–37 | |
| Residency; n (%)b | |||
| Urban | 7 (14) | 13 (26) | 0.13 |
| Rural | 43 (86) | 37 (74) | |
| Educational level; n (%)c | |||
| High | 3 (6) | 6 (12) | 0.53 |
| Intermediate | 19 (38) | 20 (40) | |
| Low | 28 (56) | 24 (48) | |
| Previous abortion; n (%)b | |||
| Positive history | 15 (30) | 4 (8) | 0.009∗ |
| Negative history | 35 (70) | 46 (92) | |
| Previous CHD in sibilings; n (%)c | |||
| Positive history | 10 (20) | 2 (4) | 0.02∗ |
| Negative history | 40 (80) | 48 (96) | |
| Maternal vitamin D intake; n (%)c | |||
| Non-user | 24 (48) | 13 (26) | 0.15 |
| Peri-conceptional users | 3 (6) | 6 (12) | |
| Early post-conceptional users | 6 (12) | 9 (18) | |
| Late post-conceptional users | 17 (34) | 22 (44) | |
| Neonatal general characterization | |||
| Gestational Age; in Weeksa | |||
| Median (IQR) | 38 (37–40) | 38 (37–40) | 0.14 |
| Min-Max | 37–40 | 37–40 | |
| Birth Weight; Kga | |||
| Median (IQR) | 3 (2–4) | 3 (3–4) | 0.81 |
| Min-Max | 2.3–4 | 2.5–4 | |
| Sex; n (%)b | |||
| Male | 29 (48) | 24 (48) | 0.31 |
| Female | 21 (42) | 26 (52) | |
| Mode of delivery; n (%)b | |||
| C.S | 24 (48) | 27 (54) | 0.54 |
| NVD | 26 (52) | 23 (46) | |
Statistical analysis: a, Mann Whitney test; b, Chi Square test; c, Fisher's exact test.
*Significance at P ≤ 0.05.
C.S, caesarian section; CHD, congenital heart diseases; NVD, normal vaginal delivery; IQR, inter-quartile range.