Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study participants
| Characteristics | Cases (n=430) | Controls (n=860) | Total (n=1,290) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yr) | ||||
| Mean±SD | 35.31±13.17 | 38.25±16.12 | 0.001 | |
| Median | 32.00 | 34.00 | ||
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 300 (69.7) | 606 (70.4) | 906 (70.2) | 0.796 |
| Female | 130 (30.3) | 254 (29.6) | 384 (29.7) | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Unmarried | 167 (38.8) | 328 (38.1) | 495 (38.4) | 0.019 |
| Married | 241 (56.0) | 494 (57.4) | 735 (56.9) | |
| Divorce | 12 (2.8) | 9 (1.0) | 21 (1.6) | |
| Widow | 8 (1.9) | 29 (3.4) | 37 (2.9) | |
| Separated | 2 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.2) | |
| Education level | ||||
| Without education | 60 (14.1) | 192 (22.3) | 252 (19.5) | <0.001 |
| Khalwa | 39 (9.2) | 55 (6.4) | 94 (7.3) | |
| Primary | 129 (29.9) | 220 (25.6) | 349 (27.1) | |
| Secondary | 117 (26.8) | 240 (27.9) | 357 (27.7) | |
| Diploma | 8 (1.9) | 1 (0.1) | 9 (0.7) | |
| University or postgraduate | 77 (18.1) | 152 (17.7) | 229 (17.7) | |
| Meals (per day) | ||||
| One | 5 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (0.4) | <0.001 |
| Two | 85 (19.7) | 111 (12.9) | 196 (15.2) | |
| Three | 322 (74.9) | 743 (86.4) | 1,065 (82.5) | |
| More than three | 18 (4.2) | 6 (0.7) | 24 (1.9) | |
| Means of transport | ||||
| By foot | 6 (1.4) | 1 (0.1) | 7 (0.5) | 0.001 |
| Public transport | 403 (93.7) | 842 (97.9) | 1,245 (96.5) | |
| Private car | 20 (4.7) | 16 (1.9) | 36 (2.8) | |
| Motorcycle | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.1) | 2 (0.2) | |
| Time to reach health center (hr) | ||||
| Mean±SD | 2.2±1.4 | 1.9±1.2 | 0.151 | |
| Median | 1.2 | 1.5 | ||
| No. of family members (per room) | ||||
| Mean±SD | 7.5±3.6 | 8.3±3.6 | <0.001 | |
| Median | 7.0 | 8.0 | ||
| Recent migration (within 6 mo) | ||||
| Yes | 38 (8.8) | 15 (1.7) | 53 (4.1) | 0.022 |
| No | 392 (91.2) | 845 (98.3) | 1,237 (95.9) | |
| Permanent migration from birthplace | ||||
| Yes | 144 (33.5) | 235 (27.3) | 379 (29.4) | <0.001 |
| No | 286 (66.5) | 625 (72.7) | 911 (70.6) | |
| Contact with TB patients | ||||
| Yes | 97 (22.6) | 58 (6.8) | 155 (12.0) | <0.001 |
| No | 309 (71.9) | 783 (91.0) | 1,092 (84.7) | |
| I don’t remember | 24 (5.5) | 19 (2.2) | 43 ( 3.3) | |
| Contact with MDR-TB patients | ||||
| Yes | 64 (14.9) | 2 (0.2) | 66 (5.1) | <0.001 |
| No | 339 (78.8) | 844 (98.2) | 1,183 (91.7) | |
| I don’t remember | 27 (6.3) | 14 (1.6) | 41 (3.2) | |
| Weight | ||||
| Mean±SD | 51.3±10.1 | 63.0±13.5 | <0.001 | |
| Median | 50.5 | 65.0 | ||
| History of previous treatment | ||||
| Yes | 292 (67.9) | 26 (3.0) | 318 (24.7) | <0.001 |
| No | 138 (32.1) | 834 (97.0) | 972 (75.3) | |
| Interruption of TB treatment | ||||
| Yes | 162 (37.7) | 18 (2.1) | 180 (14.0) | <0.001 |
| No | 268 (62.3) | 842 (97.9) | 1,110 (86.0) | |
| Diabetes | ||||
| Yes | 30 (7.0) | 46 (5.3) | 76 (5.9) | 0.242 |
| No | 400 (93.0) | 814 (94.7) | 1,214 (94.1) | |
| Fever | ||||
| Yes | 242 (56.3) | 379 (55.9) | 723 (54.0) | 0.905 |
| No | 188 (43.7) | 370 (44.1) | 567 (46.0) | |
| Imprisonment | ||||
| Yes | 52 (12.1) | 32 (3.7) | 84 (6.5) | <0.001 |
| No | 378 (87.9) | 828 (96.3) | 1,206 (93.5) | |
| Travel abroad at least once | ||||
| Yes | 64 (14.9) | 74 (8.6) | 138 (10.7) | 0.001 |
| No | 366 (85.1) | 786 (91.4) | 1,152 (89.3) | |
| Response to treatment phase | ||||
| Intensive | 306 (71.2) | 683 (79.4) | 989 (76.7) | 0.001 |
| Continuation | 124 (28.8) | 177 (20.6) | 301 (23.3) | |
| HIV | ||||
| Positive | 4 (0.9) | 18 (2.1) | 22 (1.7) | 0.128 |
| Negative | 426 (99.9) | 842 (97.9) | 1,268 (98.3) |
Values are presented as number (%).
SD, standard deviation; TB, tuberculosis; MDR-TB, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus.