Table 2.
Univariate and multiple logistic regression analysis of MDR-TB predictors
| Variables | OR (95% CI) | p-value | aOR (95% CI) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yr) | ||||
| 18-24 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| 25-44 | 1.36 (1.01, 1.82) | 0.040 | 3.86 (2.30, 6.48) | <0.001 |
| 45-64 | 0.86 (0.60, 1.22) | 0.408 | 4.29 (2.13, 8.28) | <0.001 |
| >64 | 0.42 (0.23, 0.75) | 0.004 | 2.09 (0.79, 5.59) | 0.136 |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Male | 1.06 (0.82, 1.37) | 0.796 | 1.98 (1.26, 3.09) | 0.003 |
| Education level | ||||
| Without education | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Khalwa | 2.24 (1.37, 3.74) | 0.001 | 1.91 (0.75, 4.85) | 0.174 |
| Primary | 1.84 (1.30, 2.69) | 0.001 | 1.51 (0.79, 2.86) | 0.213 |
| Secondary | 1.53 (1.08, 2.24) | 0.017 | 1.97 (1.03, 3.76) | 0.040 |
| Diploma | 25.63 (3.13, 208.83) | 0.003 | 20.18 (1.78, 228.58) | 0.015 |
| University or postgraduate | 1.62 (1.08, 2.41) | 0.018 | 2.33 (1.16, 4.67) | 0.017 |
| Time to reach health center | 1.00 (0.98, 1.08) | 0.187 | - | - |
| Weight | 0.92 (0.91, 0.93) | <0.001 | 0.89 (0.87, 0.91) | <0.001 |
| History of previous TB treatment | ||||
| No | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Yes | 67.07 (43.72, 105.35) | <0.001 | 54.85 (30.48, 98.69) | <0.001 |
| Interruption of TB treatment | ||||
| No | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Yes | 28.20 (17.04, 46.89) | <0.001 | 7.62 (3.16, 18.34) | <0.001 |
| Contact with MDR-TB patients | ||||
| No | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Yes | 3.55 (2.30, 5.64) | <0.001 | 5.14 (2.46, 10.75) | |
| Contact with TB patients | ||||
| No | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Yes | 2.33 (1.71, 3.17) | <0.001 | 1.64 (0.96, 2.80) | |
| Water pipe smoking | ||||
| No | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Yes | 4.24 (2.96, 6.06) | <0.001 | 3.23 (1.73, 6.04) | <0.001 |
| Cigarette smoking | ||||
| No | 1.00 (reference) | - | - | |
| Yes | 2.33 (1.76, 3.01) | <0.001 | - | - |
| No. of family members | ||||
| No | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | - | |
| Yes | 0.93 (0.87, 0.97) | <0.001 | 0.92 (0.87, 0.97) | 0.002 |
| Internal migration | ||||
| No | - | - | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Yes | - | - | 3.88 (1.37, 10.96) | 0.010 |
| Imprisonment | ||||
| No | 1.00 (reference) | - | - | |
| Yes | 3.56 (2.25, 5.62) | <0.001 | - | - |
| Travel abroad | ||||
| No | 1.00 (reference) | - | - | |
| Yes | 1.85 (1.29, 2.65) | 0.001 | - | - |
| IDPs | ||||
| No | 1.00 (reference) | - | - | |
| Yes | 2.03 (0.93, 4.42) | 0.074 | - | - |
| Response to treatment | ||||
| Continuation phase | 1.00 (reference) | - | - | |
| Intensive phase | 1.50 (1.19, 2.04) | 0.001 | - | - |
| HIV status | ||||
| No | 1.00 (reference) | - | - | |
| Yes | 0.44 (0.14, 1.30) | 0.139 | - | - |
| Recent migration (within 6 mo) | ||||
| No | 1.00 (reference) | - | - | |
| Yes | 5.46 (2.96, 10.04) | <0.001 | - | - |
| Means of transport to reach TB treatment center | ||||
| By foot | 1.00 (reference) | - | - | |
| Public transport | 0.07 (0.01, 0.66) | 0.019 | - | - |
| Private car | 0.22 (0.02, 1.91) | 0.165 | - | - |
| Motorcycle | 0.16 (0.72, 49.83) | 0.097 | - | - |
MDR-TB, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; TB, tuberculosis; IDP, internally displaced person; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus.